Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (148-151)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/148-151

Research Article By:

Rania A. Al-Mrumudhia , Jalal T. Al-Obaedia 

Corresponding author E-mail:rainaali.eng.road@qu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

One of the justifications for planning integrated activities is the particular area of the land and its efficiency. Every journey concludes with a look for a parking lot. Therefore, it is important provide adequate parking spaces for vehicles. This is a complicated issue as it cost land spaces at significant areas like city centers. The standard parking provides normal spaces so as no other vehicles can prevent or delay the drivers to leave when finish their duty.   At Al-Diwaniyah city center, most private parking manage their work by forcing drivers to leave the vehicle’s key inside vehicles so as the parking workers can reduce the stopping spaces and increase the capacity of the parking.  This will cause a delay to drivers when they want to leave the parking later due to informal stopping inside the park.    This work examines the effect of leaving the key inside vehicles when stopping on the capacity of parking and delay that causes for drivers.   The results of analyzing data from nine parking reveals that the capacity will significantly increase with a range from 19 to 89% while causing average delay ranged from 81 to 114 sec with a maximum delay of 240 sec. In order to balance capacity and delay, the study emphasizes the significance of using smart parking solutions.

Keywords:

Capacity , Delay , Leave a key , Operating system , Parking.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (130-147)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/130-147

Research Article By:

Luay abdulhay Mraweh

Corresponding author E-mail:luayabdulhay90@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This research presents a detailed investigation into the solid–gas hydrodynamics within the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) riser reactor at the Basra refinery in Iraq. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were developed using a three-dimensional Eulerian–Eulerian framework with the Gidaspow drag model and the kinetic theory of granular flow (KTGF), and validated against operational data supplied by the South Refineries Company (SRC). The model showed strong predictive capability, with deviations of less than 5% for outlet temperature and pressure drop compared to plant measurements. The validated results revealed a characteristic core–annulus flow structure, with a fast-moving dilute core and a denser annular region exhibiting catalyst back-mixing and wide residence time distribution. Parametric studies quantified the influence of key operating variables. Increasing the C/O ratio from 6.0 to 8.0 raised the riser outlet temperature by about 24 K and slightly increased the pressure drop. At the same time, a feed injection angle of 45° provided the most efficient mixing compared with 30° and 60°. Reducing particle size from 85 μm to 65 μm lowered solid holdup and reduced slip velocity, indicating better gas–solid interaction. These outcomes provide actionable insights for improving energy efficiency, enhancing mixing quality, and optimizing catalyst circulation in FCC riser operation at the Basra refinery. The study demonstrates the practical value of coupling advanced CFD models with field data to deliver reliable guidance for process optimization.

Keywords:

CFD, Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), riser reactor, Basra refinery, Eulerian–Eulerian model, process optimization, energy efficiency.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (116-129)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/116-129

Research Article By:

Corresponding author E-mail:asma.dabbagh@uomosul.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Architectural programming is defined as a systematic method that leads to a statement of the architectural problem, which defines the Goals to produce the most appropriate solution. Goals are defined as a statement that expresses aims and purposes and are considered a means for decision-making. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were identified in 17 goals, of which Goals 11 and 7 were linked to architectural design. By delineating three Aspects for goals: the categories and main values of the goals, and the physical positions for their application, this research seeks to uncover the goals of architectural programming (Independent variables) regarding sus-tainability and their physical positions (Dependent variables). By analyzing texts in which the architect Norman Foster   specified aspects of applying sustainability, and classifying its mechanisms, aiming to determine priorities of goals during the programming phase and mechanisms during the application phase. The results demonstrated that Foster focuses mainly on environmental goals, followed by economic and social goals. These goals are applied mainly in external building masses, internal spaces, and techniques used to recycle materials and reduce energy consumption. The conclusions were linked to SDG 11 in terms of its focus on environmental aspects, as well as SDG 7 through its focus on energy issues. The recommendations included the importance of discussing environmental and social goals in the initial stages of architectural programming, and that it is also possible to analyze, measure, and evaluate solutions within the mechanisms of the external mass using traditional methods or modern software during these stages. Furthermore, the importance of targeting economic objectives in new and old designs was highlighted to improve the sustainable performance of existing buildings.

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Keywords:

Architectural programming, Goals delineation, Sustainability, Sustainable architecture, Norman Foster.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (90-115)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/90-115

Research Article By:

Farah Jallo Razoki , Dhuha A. Al-kazzaz 

Corresponding author E-mail:farah.23enp118@student.uomosul.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Kinetic architecture focuses on the design of building elements that can change their shapes, positions, or configurations in response to environmental conditions or user needs, using mechanical, natural, or smart techniques while maintaining structural stability. The research problem was to investigate methods of integrating movement with construction Systems in the design of kinetic buildings to achieve functional, aesthetic, and sustainable outcomes. The study aimed to present a theoretical framework developed through a thematic analysis of previous studies, including factors of shared movement systems, construction methods, and ways of integrating them into the practice of kinetic building design. Common motion includes turning, opening, closing, folding, sliding, and deforming that are implemented using construction systems such as articulated bars, folded plates, cable structures, membranes, pneumatic systems, smart materials, and hybrid solutions. The integration of motion and structure varies, with most projects relying on mechanical, electrical, and computational systems to synchronize motion with structure, while intelligent and interactive systems enable adaptive performance through sensors or software. Control strategies range from direct control to indirect control as well as internal control that achieve dynamic and flexible buildings capable of environmental and interactive adaptation. In addition, integration into kinetic building systems adopts a responsive or non-responsive approach. The paper specifically examined the strategies of integrating movement and structure in contemporary dynamic pavilion projects. A descriptive-analytical approach was applied to extract the characteristics of ten real kinetic case studies. A comparative analysis of these characteristics revealed that modern kinetic architecture relies on a balanced integration of movement and construction technologies, using diverse integration methods and control systems to achieve flexible, interactive, environmentally responsive buildings capable of dynamically adapting to various variables, thus enhancing innovation and aesthetics, as well as functional performance.

Keywords:

Kinetic Buildings, Motion Techniques, Construction Systems, Integration Strategies, Automated and Non-Automated Response.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (78-89)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/78-89

Research Article By:

Ali Saleh Jafer

Corresponding author E-mail: ali.salih@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

This study presents the growth and optimization of a new design of an electro/photocatalytic organic compounds oxidation batch reactor with a digital baffle for refinery wastewater (RWW). The system combined electro and photo oxidation with zinc oxide as a photo catalyst by using a stainless steel anode and an iron cathode. The combined design was operated under varying oxidation times (5–25 min), pH solution (3–9), agitation speed (100-300), and catalyst (10–50 mg/L) to assess treatment competence and enhance working parameters by Box-Behnken design under response surface design. The digital baffled configuration was used to enhance mixing and irritation distribution, confirming the activation of the catalyst and mass transfer throughout the batch electrooxidation reactor. Results established important organic degradation, with electro-oxidation alone attaining a maximum removal efficiency of 91.2%, while the combined photo-electrochemical process reached up to 99.5% competence under optimal conditions of 25 min,300 RPM, 50 ppm catalyst concentration, and 9 pH. The reactor’s presentation was credited to the synergistic effects of free radical production, the activity of photocatalytic, and enhanced hydrodynamics eased by the digital baffling design for organic compounds in refinery wastewater.

Keywords:

wastewater; organic compounds; wastewater treatment; Advanced Oxidation Processes; Electro-catalytic; optimization.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (68-77)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/68-77

Research Article By:

Huda Sabeeh Merdas, Muhaned A. Shallal, Nuha Abdulsada AL-Mayyahi and Milad Shalaal Tarish4 

Corresponding author E-mail: nuhaabdulsada@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The shear strength of reinforced concrete beams is largely governed by the compressive strength of concrete, which represents a major component of the overall shear capacity. Incorporating steel fibers into the concrete matrix has been shown to enhance this capacity and significantly improve structural performance. A comprehensive review of previous experimental studies indicates that the shear strength is primarily influenced by the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the shear span ratio (a/d), while the effect of compressive strength becomes more evident in high strength concrete. It was also observed that the inclusion of steel fibers at a volume fraction of approximately 0.75% can increase the shear strength of beams by 25-35% compared with plain concrete specimens. Moreover, steel fiber-reinforced beams demonstrated superior crack control and enhanced ductility, thereby reducing the risk of sudden brittle shear failure. Notably, the improvement in shear behavior was found to be relatively independent of the fiber type, while the overall workability of the concrete remained within acceptable limits. These findings highlight research gaps regarding the optimum fiber dosage under different loading conditions and long-term performance.

Keywords:

Steel fibers, Concrete Beams, Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC), Shear Strength, Shear Failure, Shear Span Ratio(a/d), Compressive Strength.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (56-67)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/56-67

Research Article By:

Fatin F. Aziz, Rania Al-Nawasir, Nuha Abdulsada Al-Mayyahi, Sarah Abdul Mahdi Musheer, Sajjad Abd Muslim Al-Jawasim and Nawras Alobaidy

Corresponding author E-mail: fatin.alkhuzaai@qu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Open and unsanitary landfills have served for many years in developing countries such as Iraq as a standard and economically inexpensive method of solid waste disposal. Leachate generated from these dumps’ bases seriously affects the surrounding environment, especially groundwater sources. There have been reports of potential environmental hazards associated with leachate in the Al-Diwaniyah open landfill in Iraq. Therefore, in this investigation the quality of groundwater and characteristics of observation wells around the dumpsite was studied. Groundwater samples collected from four hand-excavated wells at a dumpsite were analyzed periodically using standard methods in dry and wet seasons through the period (September 2023–March 2024) in order to evaluate leachate pollutants and their impact on groundwater quality. The main analyzed parameters in leachate and groundwater included pH, Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid, Total Dissolved Solid, BOD5, COD, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, in addition to heavy metals including Iron, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Lead, and Cadmium. To illustrate the spatial distribution of pollutants during the dry and rainy seasons, indicators were used to assess groundwater quality. The results of the groundwater quality index (Canadian model) reported poor groundwater and unsuitable for drinking and agriculture in (GW1, GW2) neighboring the dumpsite in the range of (100-500) m from the dumpsite. In contrast, GW3 water quality is often threatened, except for GW4, which was unsuitable for drinking but can be used for agriculture. Extending this research to other regions would enhance the environmental monitoring of groundwater and assess possible threats to human health in the study area. Constructing an engineered landfill that complies with authorized environmental standards would also be beneficial.

Keywords:

Al-Diwaniyah Dumpsite, Solid Waste, Leachate, Groundwater, Water Quality Index.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (43-55)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/43-55

Research Article By:

Salam Adil ALI Al Rufaye

Corresponding author E-mail: salamadil750@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Reliable drawing dies are crucial for successful modern wire production. If these parts fail, repairs can be time-consuming and costly. This study examines how drawing speed affects die reliability within a standard commercial range of 50 to 400 m/min. We tested 750 tungsten carbide dies using various methods, including Weibull reliability analysis. Fifty dies were tested at each of 15 different speeds. Our results show a strong inverse relationship between die lifespan and drawing speed, and a significant direct relationship between operating temperature and wear rate. As drawing speed increased from 50 to 400 m/min, the average die life decreased by 65%, the wear rate increased exponentially, and the average operating temperature rose linearly. We identified three failure zones: a moderate wear phase (50–150 m/min), a rapid failure stage (300–400 m/min), and a period of accelerated degradation (150–300 m/min). In each zone, different wear mechanisms may occur. These findings help manufacturers extend die life, improve efficiency, implement predictive maintenance, and develop new die technologies that could reduce costs by 15–25%.

Keywords:

Drawing dies, Wire drawing, Reliability analysis, Drawing speed, Wear mechanisms, Tungsten carbide.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (34-42)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/34-42

Research Article By:

Sokaina Issa Kadhim , Nuha Abdulsada Al-Mayyahi , Milad Shalaal Tarish , and Rawan Badr Alsafan 

Corresponding author E-mail: nuhaabdulsada@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Two-way slabs are widely used members in constructions due to the huge necessity for them because it has the property of carrying loads for the columns, piles, and even the soil. In order to extend the two-way slabs for larger spans, designers need to maximize the slab thickness, which will increase the structure’s self-weight, which may not be able to resist. So, designers treated such a problem by increasing the overall concrete strength of slabs in order to prevent the choice of increasing the slab thickness. This article reviewed the previous studies to summarize some significant points, such as the effect of using steel fibers and openings within slabs was also investigated, as well as the use of reactive powder concrete. It was concluded that the severity of openings in slabs depends on their location, shape, and size. In some cases, larger openings might behave structurally like separate beam systems, but it often still reduce capacity significantly. Also, the ultimate load was decreased by increasing the opening size with the same CFRP (Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer) reinforcement ratio. Furthermore, the method of strengthening with CFRP is more effective than the method of using Steel fibers (SF).

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Keywords:

Reactive powder concrete, two-way slabs, bending and shear capacity, reinforced concrete.

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (27-33)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/27-33

Research Article By:

Salah Alheejawi, Ruwaidah F. Albadr, Ahmed Saaudi, Osamah Thamer Hassan Al-zubaidi

Corresponding author E-mail: ahmed.saaudi@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The recent advancing of computational resources, led to a significant improvement in histopathological image analysis. These improvements helped to diagnosis various diseases and dive into cellular level of the tissue for accurate prognosis. Therefore, an automated algorithm is proposed to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. This paper proposes a detection technique to detect the cells nuclei on histopathological images that are stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The proposed technique applies multiple thresholds on the grayscale image version of the H&E-stained image and from each resulted binary image, several centroids are extracted for each disconnected foreground region. Three measures such as area, centroid location, and circularity ratio have been used to determine the selection of nuclei seed. The technique assigns certainty weights based on threshold values, enhancing the reliability of detected seeds. Comparisons with existing methods, like the generalized Laplacian of Gaussian (gLoG) technique, demonstrate the proposed method’s efficiency and accuracy, providing a robust foundation for further segmentation processes.

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Keywords:

Histopathological Images; H&E-Stained Images; Multi-Thresholding; Nuclei Segmentation; Seed Detection

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Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (1-14)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/1-14

Research Article By:

Falah A. Barqawi

Corresponding author E-mail: albarqawyfalah@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Phase change material (PCM) integrated solar water heating systems represent a critical technology for sustainable energy applications, yet face significant performance limitations due to poor thermal conductivity and lack of intelligent control optimization. This study aims to develop and validate a novel machine learning-driven optimization control technique for PCM-based solar water heating systems. The methodology employs a comprehensive three-phase mathematical model encompassing pre-melting, melting transition, and post-melting thermal dynamics, coupled with a neural network controller operating on real-time environmental data to predict optimal pump flow multipliers. Comprehensive simulation validation across five environmental conditions and three PCM materials demonstrated consistent performance improvements with energy storage enhancements of 2.5-4.1% (3.3% average) and heat transfer enhancement ratios of 1.03-1.04×. This research provides the first complete ML-based control system for PCM thermal energy storage with retrofit-compatible optimization requiring no hardware modifications, offering a quantifiable performance benefit for existing installations.

Keywords:

Intelligent Control; Machine Learning Optimization; Phase Change Materials; Renewable Energy Systems; Solar Water Heating.

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Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (2025), Pages (132-137)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/132-137

Research Article By:

Zakariya Yahyah Faisal Alnawashif

Corresponding author E-mail: z.alnashi@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates a hybrid vibration isolation system (silica-reinforced rubber dampers/electromagnetic actuators) for marine engines under simulated extreme conditions (85% humidity, 3.5% salinity). Results show 47% isolation efficiency (transmissibility ratio: 0.53) in mid-frequencies (100–500 Hz), surpassing conventional systems (25%). Over 80% efficiency (transmissibility <0.2) was achieved at 1200–1800 Hz. Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings reduced corrosion mass loss by 94% (0.15 ± 0.02 mg/cm² vs. 2.5 ± 0.3 mg/cm²) and corrosion rate to 1.8 ± 0.3 μm/year after 50 salt spray cycles. Active actuators consumed 18 W/hour at 10–100 Hz and responded to 10g shocks within 0.20 ± 0.02 seconds with minimal deformation (<0.01 mm). Recommendations include adopting nano-coatings, standardizing tests (ISO 10816 + ASTM B117), and industry collaboration.

Keywords:

Vibration Isolation, Marine Engines, Hybrid System, Corrosion, salt exposure.

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Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (114-131)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/114-131

Research Article By:

Mohammad Fadhil Abbas

Corresponding author E-mail: mohammadfashil@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Iraq is located within the arid and semi-arid region which include large areas of Sabkha soil particularly in the southern regions. Stabilization of properties of Sabkha soils in terms of strength, durability, and cost is required from engineering point of view. In this study the synthesis of a new chelating Schiff’s base of Furfural with Metal ions (SFM) was used for stabilization Sabkha soil. The present study investigates the possibility of using the SFM to enhance Sabkha soil properties in the southern regions in Iraq. In this study, experimental approach was employed to investigate the properties of treated and untreated Sabkha soil. In laboratory tests, Sabkha soil samples have been mixed with 2%, 4%, and 6% of SFM for mineralogical tests whereas other samples tested in order to identify the physical and mechanical properties of the treated samples. The stabilization mechanisms of treated sabkha soil have been investigated using modern approaches, such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD). Sabkha soil, when mixed with 4% and 6% SFM, has been observed to transform into a solid material potentially suitable for use in the sub-base layer of rigid pavements. The study revealed that the compressive strength of the treated Sabkha samples was increased from 51 kPa to 402 kPa. Compared to untreated Sabkha soil the improvement ratio of treated sabkha soil increased from 119% to 443%. However, results of triaxial test showed that the cohesion increased by133.6 kPa without affecting the angle of internal friction. While the results of direct shear test showed that the angle of internal friction increased from 35 to 41 degrees. The soaked CBR values showed an increase with the addition of SFM at concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, rising from 11% to 21%, 32%, and 58%, respectively. Added SFM values were increases this showed Sabkha soil is suitable material for to be a pavement foundation course. Based on the wetting and drying testing results, stabilized Sabkha soil with 6% SFM lost roughly 8.4% of its weight over time. In contrast, soil stabilized with 4% SFM and 2% SFM lost approximately 10.5%, and 15.4% of its weight respectively.

Keywords:

 Advanced techniques, Chemical additives, Furfural, improvement, Sabkha

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Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (101-113)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/102-113

Research Article By:

Hassan A. Younis and Yasser I. Abdulaziz

Corresponding author E-mail: hassan98ax@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Lubricating oils are viscous hydrocarbon liquids obtained from crude oil, are essential for lubricating the moving parts of various machines. Used lubricants are classified as hazardous waste due to their elevated concentrations of environmentally dangerous organic substances, including Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. These contaminants, originating from the integrity of lubricating oil, are significantly affected by wear and tear, additive breakdown, thermal cracking, and oxidation during their operational life, necessitating their replacement. Direct disposal of this used oil into the environment causes substantial pollution. Incineration of used oil generates significant ash and carcinogenic byproducts, further contributing to environmental contamination. Recycling lubricants, through the application of physical-chemical processes, enables the recovery of base oil, a valuable reusable raw material in lubricant production. Numerous studies have investigated oil reuse and used oil re-refining. Research consistently validates solvent extraction, frequently enhanced using adsorption, as a more performant and efficacious technique for recycling used lubricating oil. The present review offers a thorough analysis of the solvent extraction procedure for this application.

Keywords:

Regeneration used oil, Solvent Extraction for Oil Recycling, Base Oil, Waste Oil Management

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (79-89)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/79-89

Research Article By:

Zinah Ayad Jabbar and Hussein Yousif Aziz

Corresponding author E-mail: husseinyousifaziz@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Bridges are important to any transport system network connecting roads and villages with cities. Many Iraqi bridges remain in poor condition even after inspection and confirmation that they are of acceptable standards due to the role played by various risk factors, including traffic volume and insufficient capacity. Effects of changed patterns of operational loads, slack, deterioration, and other man-made effects on bridge construction cause its degeneration. The primary purpose of this research was to determine the structural condition of the superstructure of the Barboty bridge and any associated damage, if any, utilizing strain, displacement sensors, and CSI Bridge software which is employed to generate the finite element model of the bridge superstructure. The difference between the experimental and analysis
results was about 10.60 %, representing good agreement. Maximum deflections in both static and dynamic conditions were found to be within the allowable limit (L/800) as stated in the AASHTO code. Deflections, distribution factors, modal curvature, and rating factor classification were extracted. The distribution factor ratio provided a conservative outcome that was approximately 80% below the AASHTO requirements. All other parameters were found under AASHTO specifications, and no abnormal condition was observed.

Keywords:

Bridge, Structural Health Monitoring, Distribution factor, Rating factor, Modal Curvatures

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