Category: Uncategorized

Effect of Drawing Speed on the Reliability of Drawing Dies

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (43-55)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/43-55

Research Article By:

Salam Adil ALI Al Rufaye

Corresponding author E-mail: salamadil750@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Reliable drawing dies are crucial for successful modern wire production. If these parts fail, repairs can be time-consuming and costly. This study examines how drawing speed affects die reliability within a standard commercial range of 50 to 400 m/min. We tested 750 tungsten carbide dies using various methods, including Weibull reliability analysis. Fifty dies were tested at each of 15 different speeds. Our results show a strong inverse relationship between die lifespan and drawing speed, and a significant direct relationship between operating temperature and wear rate. As drawing speed increased from 50 to 400 m/min, the average die life decreased by 65%, the wear rate increased exponentially, and the average operating temperature rose linearly. We identified three failure zones: a moderate wear phase (50–150 m/min), a rapid failure stage (300–400 m/min), and a period of accelerated degradation (150–300 m/min). In each zone, different wear mechanisms may occur. These findings help manufacturers extend die life, improve efficiency, implement predictive maintenance, and develop new die technologies that could reduce costs by 15–25%.

Keywords:

Drawing dies, Wire drawing, Reliability analysis, Drawing speed, Wear mechanisms, Tungsten carbide.

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A Mini-Review on the Structural Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete Reinforced Slabs

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (34-42)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/34-42

Research Article By:

Sokaina Issa Kadhim , Nuha Abdulsada Al-Mayyahi , Milad Shalaal Tarish , and Rawan Badr Alsafan 

Corresponding author E-mail: nuhaabdulsada@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Two-way slabs are widely used members in constructions due to the huge necessity for them because it has the property of carrying loads for the columns, piles, and even the soil. In order to extend the two-way slabs for larger spans, designers need to maximize the slab thickness, which will increase the structure’s self-weight, which may not be able to resist. So, designers treated such a problem by increasing the overall concrete strength of slabs in order to prevent the choice of increasing the slab thickness. This article reviewed the previous studies to summarize some significant points, such as the effect of using steel fibers and openings within slabs was also investigated, as well as the use of reactive powder concrete. It was concluded that the severity of openings in slabs depends on their location, shape, and size. In some cases, larger openings might behave structurally like separate beam systems, but it often still reduce capacity significantly. Also, the ultimate load was decreased by increasing the opening size with the same CFRP (Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer) reinforcement ratio. Furthermore, the method of strengthening with CFRP is more effective than the method of using Steel fibers (SF).

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Keywords:

Reactive powder concrete, two-way slabs, bending and shear capacity, reinforced concrete.

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Seed Detection algorithm using multi-thresholding measures on histopathological images

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (27-33)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/27-33

Research Article By:

Salah Alheejawi, Ruwaidah F. Albadr, Ahmed Saaudi, Osamah Thamer Hassan Al-zubaidi

Corresponding author E-mail: ahmed.saaudi@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The recent advancing of computational resources, led to a significant improvement in histopathological image analysis. These improvements helped to diagnosis various diseases and dive into cellular level of the tissue for accurate prognosis. Therefore, an automated algorithm is proposed to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. This paper proposes a detection technique to detect the cells nuclei on histopathological images that are stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The proposed technique applies multiple thresholds on the grayscale image version of the H&E-stained image and from each resulted binary image, several centroids are extracted for each disconnected foreground region. Three measures such as area, centroid location, and circularity ratio have been used to determine the selection of nuclei seed. The technique assigns certainty weights based on threshold values, enhancing the reliability of detected seeds. Comparisons with existing methods, like the generalized Laplacian of Gaussian (gLoG) technique, demonstrate the proposed method’s efficiency and accuracy, providing a robust foundation for further segmentation processes.

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Keywords:

Histopathological Images; H&E-Stained Images; Multi-Thresholding; Nuclei Segmentation; Seed Detection

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Converting Heavy Fuel Oil into Light Fractions by Using Thermal Cracking

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (15-26)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/15-26

Research Article By:

Hanan A. Ibrahim

Corresponding author E-mail: hanan.ahmed.ibrahim@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Global developments have led to a steady increase in demand for light petroleum derivatives, which are more valuable than heavy derivatives. Therefore, it was necessary to seek unconventional methods for supplying them, such as the use of thermal cracking technology. In this research, the residual crude oil produced from atmospheric distillation unit was selected and a study was conducted to convert it into light petroleum derivatives using the thermal cracking process. The efficiency and accuracy of the technology used in this research were studied by selecting parameters such as API gravity and conversion ratio from used heavy fuel oil (API = 15.5) to light petroleum products. To achieve optimum operating conditions and the best desired process results, experiments were designed using response surface methodology (RSM). The process study was selected to be within the temperature range (350-450°C) and time (30-60 min), where the best possible specifications for the resulting light petroleum derivatives would be achieved, with an API density of (32.1), a conversion rate of (79.2%), a time of (45) min, and a temperature of (421)°C

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Keywords:

AR, atmospheric residue ,API, Thermal Cracking, Residual crude oil, Conversion rate

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Dynamic Simulation of Phase Change Material-Integrated Solar Water Heating Systems: A Machine Learning Approach to Energy Conversion Optimization

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (3), Year (2025), Pages (1-14)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-03-/1-14

Research Article By:

Falah A. Barqawi

Corresponding author E-mail: albarqawyfalah@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Phase change material (PCM) integrated solar water heating systems represent a critical technology for sustainable energy applications, yet face significant performance limitations due to poor thermal conductivity and lack of intelligent control optimization. This study aims to develop and validate a novel machine learning-driven optimization control technique for PCM-based solar water heating systems. The methodology employs a comprehensive three-phase mathematical model encompassing pre-melting, melting transition, and post-melting thermal dynamics, coupled with a neural network controller operating on real-time environmental data to predict optimal pump flow multipliers. Comprehensive simulation validation across five environmental conditions and three PCM materials demonstrated consistent performance improvements with energy storage enhancements of 2.5-4.1% (3.3% average) and heat transfer enhancement ratios of 1.03-1.04×. This research provides the first complete ML-based control system for PCM thermal energy storage with retrofit-compatible optimization requiring no hardware modifications, offering a quantifiable performance benefit for existing installations.

Keywords:

Intelligent Control; Machine Learning Optimization; Phase Change Materials; Renewable Energy Systems; Solar Water Heating.

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Performance Analysis for Hybrid Vibration Isolation System for Marine Engines under Simulated Extreme Marine Conditions

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (2025), Pages (132-137)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/132-137

Research Article By:

Zakariya Yahyah Faisal Alnawashif

Corresponding author E-mail: z.alnashi@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates a hybrid vibration isolation system (silica-reinforced rubber dampers/electromagnetic actuators) for marine engines under simulated extreme conditions (85% humidity, 3.5% salinity). Results show 47% isolation efficiency (transmissibility ratio: 0.53) in mid-frequencies (100–500 Hz), surpassing conventional systems (25%). Over 80% efficiency (transmissibility <0.2) was achieved at 1200–1800 Hz. Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings reduced corrosion mass loss by 94% (0.15 ± 0.02 mg/cm² vs. 2.5 ± 0.3 mg/cm²) and corrosion rate to 1.8 ± 0.3 μm/year after 50 salt spray cycles. Active actuators consumed 18 W/hour at 10–100 Hz and responded to 10g shocks within 0.20 ± 0.02 seconds with minimal deformation (<0.01 mm). Recommendations include adopting nano-coatings, standardizing tests (ISO 10816 + ASTM B117), and industry collaboration.

Keywords:

Vibration Isolation, Marine Engines, Hybrid System, Corrosion, salt exposure.

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Sabkha Soil Improvement by the Use of Chemical Additions

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (114-131)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/114-131

Research Article By:

Mohammad Fadhil Abbas

Corresponding author E-mail: mohammadfashil@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Iraq is located within the arid and semi-arid region which include large areas of Sabkha soil particularly in the southern regions. Stabilization of properties of Sabkha soils in terms of strength, durability, and cost is required from engineering point of view. In this study the synthesis of a new chelating Schiff’s base of Furfural with Metal ions (SFM) was used for stabilization Sabkha soil. The present study investigates the possibility of using the SFM to enhance Sabkha soil properties in the southern regions in Iraq. In this study, experimental approach was employed to investigate the properties of treated and untreated Sabkha soil. In laboratory tests, Sabkha soil samples have been mixed with 2%, 4%, and 6% of SFM for mineralogical tests whereas other samples tested in order to identify the physical and mechanical properties of the treated samples. The stabilization mechanisms of treated sabkha soil have been investigated using modern approaches, such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD). Sabkha soil, when mixed with 4% and 6% SFM, has been observed to transform into a solid material potentially suitable for use in the sub-base layer of rigid pavements. The study revealed that the compressive strength of the treated Sabkha samples was increased from 51 kPa to 402 kPa. Compared to untreated Sabkha soil the improvement ratio of treated sabkha soil increased from 119% to 443%. However, results of triaxial test showed that the cohesion increased by133.6 kPa without affecting the angle of internal friction. While the results of direct shear test showed that the angle of internal friction increased from 35 to 41 degrees. The soaked CBR values showed an increase with the addition of SFM at concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, rising from 11% to 21%, 32%, and 58%, respectively. Added SFM values were increases this showed Sabkha soil is suitable material for to be a pavement foundation course. Based on the wetting and drying testing results, stabilized Sabkha soil with 6% SFM lost roughly 8.4% of its weight over time. In contrast, soil stabilized with 4% SFM and 2% SFM lost approximately 10.5%, and 15.4% of its weight respectively.

Keywords:

 Advanced techniques, Chemical additives, Furfural, improvement, Sabkha

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Reclamation of Base Oil from Depleted Engine Oil by Solvent Extraction Process: An Insightful Review

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (101-113)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/102-113

Research Article By:

Hassan A. Younis and Yasser I. Abdulaziz

Corresponding author E-mail: hassan98ax@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Lubricating oils are viscous hydrocarbon liquids obtained from crude oil, are essential for lubricating the moving parts of various machines. Used lubricants are classified as hazardous waste due to their elevated concentrations of environmentally dangerous organic substances, including Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. These contaminants, originating from the integrity of lubricating oil, are significantly affected by wear and tear, additive breakdown, thermal cracking, and oxidation during their operational life, necessitating their replacement. Direct disposal of this used oil into the environment causes substantial pollution. Incineration of used oil generates significant ash and carcinogenic byproducts, further contributing to environmental contamination. Recycling lubricants, through the application of physical-chemical processes, enables the recovery of base oil, a valuable reusable raw material in lubricant production. Numerous studies have investigated oil reuse and used oil re-refining. Research consistently validates solvent extraction, frequently enhanced using adsorption, as a more performant and efficacious technique for recycling used lubricating oil. The present review offers a thorough analysis of the solvent extraction procedure for this application.

Keywords:

Regeneration used oil, Solvent Extraction for Oil Recycling, Base Oil, Waste Oil Management

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Enhancing Signal Integrity in GPS-Focused PCB Designs: A Comprehensive Approach

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (90-101)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/90-101

Research Article By:

Mohammed Bashar, Fatima Haithem, Riyadh Mansoor, and Abbas Al Wishah 

Corresponding author E-mail: mohbashar@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Electromagnetic interference (EMI), Signal Integrity (SI), and power delivery represent critical challenges in the design of high-density interconnect Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Performance degradation due to parasitic effects, impedance discontinuities, and crosstalk often results in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) violations. This paper proposes a comprehensive design methodology based on optimized layer stack-up, controlled impedance routing, and strategic via placement to enhance EMC compliance and SI in compact, high-performance PCBs, with a particular focus on GPS applications operating at 1.575 GHz. These design strategies support the implementation of 50-ohm controlled microstrip lines, well-defined ground planes, and robust power distribution networks. Using simulation tools such as MATLAB, CST Studio Suite, and Altium Designer in conjunction with transmission line theory, key performance metrics, including return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and insertion loss, are assessed. The proposed design is implemented on a custom GPS PCB and empirically evaluated using Teseo Suite, confirming enhanced spatial efficiency, reduced reflection, and improved GPS signal acquisition and tracking. Research findings highlight the efficacy of simulation-driven PCB design practices in addressing high-frequency signal degradation and EMI concerns, with broad applicability to automotive, telecommunications, and consumer electronics domains requiring reliable GNSS functionality. The integration of GPS technology into everyday electronics, such as smartphones and autonomous vehicles, highlights the increasing demand for efficient and reliable signal integrity. The continuous demand for faster, smaller, and more affordable electronic devices underscores the rapid evolution of PCB technology and the necessity for strict design policies, especially in Gigahertz (GHz) systems. This work concludes by validating the proposed design methodology through a compact GPS-PCB model, demonstrating improvements in signal integrity and spatial efficiency.

Keywords:

Altium Designer, CST Studio Suite, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), GPS, PCB.

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Performance Evaluation of Prestress Bridge Using Field Monitoring and CSI Bridge Modelling

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (79-89)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/79-89

Research Article By:

Zinah Ayad Jabbar and Hussein Yousif Aziz

Corresponding author E-mail: husseinyousifaziz@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Bridges are important to any transport system network connecting roads and villages with cities. Many Iraqi bridges remain in poor condition even after inspection and confirmation that they are of acceptable standards due to the role played by various risk factors, including traffic volume and insufficient capacity. Effects of changed patterns of operational loads, slack, deterioration, and other man-made effects on bridge construction cause its degeneration. The primary purpose of this research was to determine the structural condition of the superstructure of the Barboty bridge and any associated damage, if any, utilizing strain, displacement sensors, and CSI Bridge software which is employed to generate the finite element model of the bridge superstructure. The difference between the experimental and analysis
results was about 10.60 %, representing good agreement. Maximum deflections in both static and dynamic conditions were found to be within the allowable limit (L/800) as stated in the AASHTO code. Deflections, distribution factors, modal curvature, and rating factor classification were extracted. The distribution factor ratio provided a conservative outcome that was approximately 80% below the AASHTO requirements. All other parameters were found under AASHTO specifications, and no abnormal condition was observed.

Keywords:

Bridge, Structural Health Monitoring, Distribution factor, Rating factor, Modal Curvatures

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Adapting Modern Iraqi School Designs to Integrate Active Learning Environments

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (58-78)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/58-78

Research Article By:

Roa’a Zuhair Altaee , Dhuha A. Al-kazzaz  

Corresponding author E-mail: roa’a.22enp46@student.uomosul.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Many studies have addressed the challenges facing the traditional educational environment in Iraq’s schools, which negatively impact the quality of education. However, these studies have not focused on the requirements of adopting active learning methods in school designs in Iraq. This paper aims to identify how active learning concepts can be incorporated into the design of future schools and provide recommendations for adapting existing schools to align with these learning methods. The study employed a two-stage methodology: (1) extracting the dominant design characteristics of active learning schools, and (2) conducting field visits and expert interviews to analyze the designs of a case study of recently constructed Chinese loan schools in Mosul. The design characteristics of the school layout, interior design, corridors, classrooms, and the exterior spaces of the active learning school were compared with four case studies of Iraqi schools to determine the possibility of adapting their features to accommodate active learning activities. The findings revealed that there is a need to enhance the design of current schools to support active learning methods. Key recommendations include avoiding linear layout and enclosed courtyards in school planning, maximizing the use of all spaces, and designing flexible, multifunctional corridors. The paper also emphasized the need to increase the informal learning spaces outside classrooms. It recommends replacing traditional classroom layouts with flexible configurations that incorporate movable partitions to provide greater functional flexibility and reorganizing outdoor spaces to support both learning and recreational activities.

Keywords:

Active learning methods; Flexible school design; Local schools; Design modifications; Educational spaces.

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Parametric Numerical Study on the Impact of Intenal Friction Angle and Pile Diameter on Soil Deformation in Nasiriyah

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (45-57)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/45-57

Research Article By:

Raghad Adel Fahad

Corresponding author E-mail:raghadadel83@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Clarifying the behavior of the soil near the bored pile foundation tips through   estimating the boundary of the influence has a great benefit theoretically and practically in the accurate design of pile foundations. This research presents an advanced geotechnical analysis of the piles in Nasiriyah soil applied to the foundation of the Al-Iskan Interchange project. The study employed finite element analysis, utilizing the Plaxis3d Foundation software to systematically investigate the impact of variations in internal friction angles and pile diameters on soil deformations. Through a parametric study, the research sheds light on the intricate relationship between these key parameters and the behavior of the soil. The findings reveal compelling insights: deformations exhibit a discernible pattern in response to internal friction angle and pile diameter alterations. Specifically, deformations demonstrate a diminishing trend with an increasing internal friction angle, while a contrasting escalation is observed with larger pile diameters. This nuanced understanding highlights the importance of selecting the depth to which the pile is driven. The depth refers to the soil with optimal values for internal friction angles and pile diameters in engineering projects, with direct implications for enhancing stability and minimizing deformation.

Keywords:

Geotechnical Analysis, Finite Element Analysis, Plaxis3dFoundation Software, Internal Friction Angle, Pile Diameter.

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Review on Reinforced Concrete Slabs behavior with Presence of Openings

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (23-44)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/23-44

Research Article By:

Nameer M. Jawad Al-Quraishy , Yousif J. lafta , Thaer M. Saeed Alrudaini 

Corresponding author E-mail:engpg.nameer.jawad@uobasrah.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Openings in slabs are an important issue that needs to be studied carefully because these openings have an important effect on load capacity and the general behavior of RC, reinforced concrete slabs. This research aimed to review the previous studies that highlighted the impact of presence of opening in RC one-way and two-way slabs in addition to a review of four important codes, ACI Code, British Standard, Canadian Standard, and European Standard, that focused on this topic. The review of previous studies is divided into two sections, the first is the effect of opening in one-way slabs and the second is the effect of opening in two-way slabs. These studies produced that the opening size and position significantly affect load capacity, flexural, shear resistance, and deflection of slabs. The opening in the slab reduces the load capacity and shear resistance by reducing the concrete mass of the section where the concrete is cut.  The flexibility of that slab is reduced in the existence of the opening caused by reinforcement cutting. The effect of opening can be reduced by using additional reinforcements or by using CFRP, carbon fiber reinforced polymer-strengthening.

Keywords:

Review; RC; Opening; slabs.

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Enhancing Method Analysis and Documentation via GUI-Based Visual Class Diagrams in Object-Oriented Programming

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (1-12)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/1-12

Research Article By:

Suaad M.Saber

Corresponding author E-mail: suaad.m.saber@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The incorporation of GUI-based visual class diagrams in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) offers a new line towards enhancing system study and documentation. Traditional class diagrams are robust in specifying the static structure of systems; however, they can be ambiguous when used in real implementation. The present study addresses the problem of ambiguity during system documentation and developer understanding in the application of traditional UML class diagrams. The overall objective is to create a more intuitive visual model that is driven by the behavior of class diagrams combined with GUI elements, such as forms and reports. In incorporating GUI elements, the programmers will be in a better position to comprehend system inputs, outputs, and processing. The proposed Visual Class Diagram model introduces certain specific enhancements towards modeling data administration, relationships, and transactions within system analysis. The results show that using GUI-based visual class diagrams improves communication between developers and customers, reduces the likelihood of misunderstanding of system requirements, and generally improves system design and documentation efficiency. Masu. Research not only provides a complete visual explanation of system elements, but also concludes that it bridges the gap between theory and practice. Future work will strive to expand this model to enable the analysis of security, networking and distributed systems with comprehensive equipment for modern software engineering practices.

Keywords: Attributes, Forms, Operations, Relationships, Reports, Software Engineering, UML (Unified Modeling Language.

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Behavior of self-compacting recycled aggregate concrete filled double skin steel tubular square columns under axial loading

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (51-65)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/51-65

Research Article By:

Zain AL-abdeen Injers Tomma and Samoel Mahdi Saleh

Corresponding author E-mail: zainalmaliky451@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

A series of experimental tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of sustainable self-compacting concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (HSCFDST) columns. Nine column specimens were tested in the present study, taking into account the effects of the inner shape of the column cross section (circular or square), the hollowness ratio, and the recycled aggregate replacement ratio. For comparison, three of the tested specimens were filled with normal recycled aggregate concrete. It was observed that the maximum axial strength of CFDST columns increases with the increase in void fraction for round inner tubes and decreases with the increase in void fraction for square inner tubes. Also, it was found that for square column specimens, the ultimate axial strength of HSCFDST columns was inversely proportional to their hollowness and slenderness ratios. CFDST column specimens filled with recycled aggregate concrete compared with those filled with normal aggregate concrete decreased stiffness and ultimate axial strength but gave unexpected results for the ultimate axial strength; therefore, the suitable choice for the section properties of the inner steel tube is required. The bearing capacity of CFDST square columns with concrete aggregate (30% and 60%) decreases by 5% and 10%, respectively. Increasing the volume of recycled concrete led to a decrease in maximum load capacity, with a 30% volume resulting in a 5%-10% reduction and 60% volume further reducing capacity by 10%-14.6%. The experimental results and analytical approach that were developed by other researchers showed good agreement.

Keywords: CFDST, Sustainable concrete, self-compacting concrete, Composite column, Hollowness ratio, recycled aggregate.

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A review: thermal degradation of polymethyl methacrylate: a metallurgical perspective on fiber and CO2 laser exposure

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (38-50)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/38-50

Research Article By:

Hasanain Atiyah, Rafea Dakhil Hussein and Hayder I. Mohammed

Corresponding author E-mail: hasanainatiyah@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a thorough examination of the thermal deterioration of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) influenced by fiber and CO2 lasers, investigating their unique metallurgical and thermal effects. The elevated energy density of fiber lasers results in quick and highly targeted heating, enabling speedy material removal and ablation. Nonetheless, this quick heating causes considerable surface roughness, microfractures, and extensive molecular degradation, undermining the material’s structural integrity. In contrast, CO2 lasers, distinguished by their longer wavelength, provide wider and more uniform heat distribution throughout the PMMA surface. This yields a more refined surface finish with enhanced degradation control, however at a reduced processing speed. The review examines the unique thermal distribution patterns generated by each laser type, investigating the development of heat-affected zones (HAZs) and the particular degradation mechanisms occurring inside these zones. The study examines the metallurgical alterations caused in the PMMA structure, focusing on aspects such as chain scission, depolymerization, and the generation of volatile byproducts. Experimental results demonstrate that fiber lasers are optimal for high-velocity material removal procedures where surface finish is not paramount, but CO2 lasers are favored for applications requiring superior surface precision and less heat damage. These discoveries include substantial industrial ramifications for several industries, including automotive, optical, and medical device manufacture. The analysis closes by examining ways for optimizing laser parameters, including power, pulse length, and scanning speed, to attain a balance among processing efficiency, material integrity, and desired product quality in PMMA manufacturing.

Keywords: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), thermal degradation, fiber laser, CO2 laser, metallurgical analysis, laser-induced degradation, heat-affected zone (HAZ), material processing, surface quality.

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Reducing the effect of pile driving on adjacent shallow foundations: an improved investigation

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (34-37)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/34-37

Research Article By:

Tarteel Abdullah Jabbar

Corresponding author E-mail: tarteel.abulla.cieng@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Deep foundations are often constructed using pile-driving techniques, which are inefficient in shallow foundation areas. However, this method creates ground vibrations that may affect surrounding structures, notably weaker ones, as they can develop fractures, experience irregular settlement, deform, or suffer issues related to the longevity of the building. This study comprehensively analyses vibration energy, its possible structural effects, and many mitigation options. The study integrates real measurement data, simulations, and other illustrative examples to make recommendations to reduce construction vibrations effectively.

Keywords: Vibration mitigation, structural damage, fracture settlement, bounding techniques, shallow structures, vibration recommendations, vibrations moderation, piles driven.

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Flexural behavior of composite concrete deck slab-steel beams: a review

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (27-33)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/27-33

Research Article By:

Enas Sami Sabbar and Haider Al-Jelawy

Corresponding author E-mail: eng.post.civil8@qu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

One of the most important structures in modern civil engineering is composite beams, which refer to beams that consist of different materials whereby the most common are concrete slabs and steel beams. This paper aims at presenting the state of research on the behavior and performance of composite beams emphasis has been put on the Shear connections. Some of the commonly used shear connectors include headed steel studs, channel connectors, and angle connectors, which improve the load bearing of steel and concrete structures. Literature review shows that important parameters such as connection type, concrete strength, and connection layout have been found to affect considerably the ultimate moment, the fatigue behavior, and the failure mode of the connection. In particular, it is important to mention that new materials, such as ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), and connector designs offer the potential for increasing loads and durability of connections. It is within this context that this review underlines the need to identify and manage design parameters to guarantee the safe and efficient use of composites in beam structures.

Keywords: Composite beam; Steel beam; Shear connection; UHPC; Failure mode

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Flexural performance of FRP-strengthened concrete beams: a review

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (21-26)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01/21-26

Research Article By:

Tarteel Abdullah Jabbar

Corresponding author E-mail: tarteel.abulla.cieng@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The flexural performance of FRP-strengthened beams has become a critical focus in concrete structural engineering, particularly for enhancing strength, ductility, and durability. This paper provides a critical review of recent advancements in the use of FRP materials for flexural strengthening of concrete beams, emphasizing experimental findings, theoretical models, and practical applications. Key parameters affecting flexural performance—such as FRP type (carbon, glass, aramid), bonding techniques, and failure mechanisms—are thoroughly examined. While FRP materials offer advantages like a high modulus-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, challenges such as delamination, environmental durability, and cost remain significant. Additionally, emerging trends in reinforced or hybrid FRP systems are discussed. This review aims to offer researchers, engineers, and professionals comprehensive insights to develop effective and innovative solutions for concrete beam strengthening.

Keywords: Failure, Reinforced concrete beams, Flexural behaviour, Fibre reinforced polymer.

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Effect of modulus of subgrade reaction on reinforced concrete deep beams

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (15-20)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01/15-20

Research Article By:

Nuha Abdulsada AL-Mayyahi

Corresponding author E-mail: nuhaabdulsada@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Deep beams are one of the widest used members in construction due to their high rigidity and significant bending resistance. It used usually at high rise buildings, bridges, deck slabs and foundations. The beams may rest on soil in many cases like strap footing. Timoshenko beam theory and Fourier series were used for derivatizing the behavior of deep beams which rest on soil grade. Many parameters were investigated in the current study like modulus of subgrade reaction, beams dimensions and loading type. It was concluded that, the rigidity of deep beam is high in amounts that cancelling the effect of modulus of subgrade reaction. The beam width increases the bearing pressure of the soil and working on enhancing the stability of the beam and keeps it rest well on the soil so that increasing the width of beam led to minimizing sinking the beam into the soil so that reducing the deflection. Furthermore, increasing the height of the deep beam leads to minimizing the deflection of beam due to rising the shear resistance capacity of the beam which depends in the first degree on the beam thickness.

Keywords: Deep beams; modulus of subgrade reaction; Winkler model; concentrated and distributed loads.

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