Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (14), Issue (3), Year (2026), Pages (16-37)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2026-14-03-/16-37

Research Article By:

Karrar N.Adhap, Salih A. Rushdi, H.I. Dawood, Sanaa Mateab

Corresponding author E-mail: Karrar.nasser.adhap@qu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The presence of highly stable water in oil (w/o) , oil in water (o/w) and oil in water in oil (o/w/o)emulsions have been a major problem to oil production and treatment of oily wastewater, especially, in the presence of sub-micron droplets that are stabilized by asphaltenes, resins and fine solids. Droplets that are less than 10 micrometers cannot be easily separated by any conventional gravity-based method, which means that their efficiency is low and they cost a lot to operate. The present review offers a mechanistic comparison and contrast of the traditional and emerging methodologies of emulsion separation, such as chemical, electrostatic, membrane-based, ultra-sonic and nanomaterial-based methods. The study lays emphasis on recent advances between 2022 and 2025 including ionic liquid-based emulsion separators, biomaterials, and hybrid separation systems. The analysis demonstrates that the effective interface is unstable, which facilitates droplet amalgamation whereby the sub-micron droplets are able to increase to larger droplets (more than 50 micrometers), thereby increasing the efficiency of separation to a considerable extent. In the published literature, oil-water sepa-ration efficiencies of more than 90% are possible under ideal circumstances. In most cases, the performance of separation is mostly influenced by surface characteristics and not by operating intensity. This review gives an overview of the existing weaknesses and emphasizes the potential of semiconductor and hybrid systems in designing efficient and sustainable crude oil emulsion separation technologies.

Keywords: Demulsification, Water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, Nanofluids, Coalescence kinetics, Interfacial chemistry.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (14), Issue (3), Year (2026), Pages (1-15)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2026-14-03-/1-15

Research Article By:

Mujahed Kareem Oglah

Corresponding author E-mail: Ms2000955@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Biomass-fired multigeneration systems that utilize gas turbines coupled to organic Rankine cycles (ORC) and absorption chillers (AC) show great potential for providing clean and reliable energy. However, their multi-objective optimization remains challenging. Two main barriers exist: the highly nonlinear coupling between thermodynamic and economic decision variables, and the black-box nature of most machine-learning (ML) surrogates used in this domain. In this paper, we develop a SHAP-explainable ensemble ML framework to enable 4E (energy, exergy, economic, and environmental) analysis and multi-objective optimization of a biomass-fired gas turbine/AC/ORC-based multigeneration system. A dataset of 1,000 Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) simulation cases from a validated thermodynamic model is generated and five ensemble models (RF, GBR, XGBoost, Light GBM, Ca tBoost) are trained, compared, and evaluated, with a tuned XGBoost achieving R^{² > 0.97} for all targets. Multi-level SHAP analysis identified turbine inlet temperature and pressure ratio as the most important design drivers for all performance metrics. Multi-objective optimization with NSGA-II and multi-criteria decision-making with TOPSIS identified the optimal design with an exergy efficiency of 61.8% and SUCP of ~6.10 $/GJ. The presented framework, which overcomes the black-box limitation and achieves high predictive performance, can be used to bridge the gap between predictive accuracy and engineering interpretability in the design of biomass-fueled multigeneration systems.

Keywords:

biomass gasification; ensemble machine learning; SHAP explainability; 4E analysis; multi-objective optimizationز

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (14), Issue (2), Year (2026), Pages (91-99)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2026-14-02-/91-99

Research Article By:

Corresponding author E-mail: rania.h.khudair@uotechnology.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the performance of an AI-driven kinetic façade to reduce cooling demand and improve daylight conditions in administrative office archetypes in Baghdad, Iraq, where extreme summer temperatures and frequent dust events limit the effectiveness of static envelope systems. The research addresses a regional gap in the application of predictive façade control that simultaneously responds to solar exposure, indoor daylight requirements, and dust-shielding needs. A parametric building model was developed in Rhino and Grasshopper and evaluated using Ladybug, Honeybee, and EnergyPlus-based environmental simulations with Baghdad EPW climate data. A predictive control model was trained on simulation-generated data to predict façade opening angles based on solar geometry, outdoor temperature, and operational conditions, while maintaining indoor illuminance at acceptable workstation levels. The results indicate that the proposed system reduced the cooling energy use intensity from 185 to 121.7 kWh/m²·yr, representing a 34.2% reduction, and lowered July peak cooling demand by 41%. The system also improved useful daylight illuminance from 45% to 78% of occupied hours, reduced discomfort glare by 62%, and maintained an effective solar heat gain coefficient below 0.15 during peak hours. These findings indicate that predictive kinetic façades can provide a viable envelope-level strategy for improving thermal and visual performance in hot-arid administrative buildings, provided that control logic and mechanical operation are explicitly integrated into the evaluation framework.

Keywords:

AI-Driven Kinetic Facade; Dust Shielding; Energy Use Intensity (EUI); Machine Learning (ML) Model; Predictive Simulation.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (14), Issue (2), Year (2026), Pages (77-90)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2026-14-02-/77-90,

Research Article By:

Noor Abdullah Odhaib, Basim Jaber Abbas

Corresponding author E-mail: noor.a.o.civil.msc.@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Reinforced concrete (RC) columns are fundamental components in structural systems. Vertical loads are transferred from the top of the structure to the foundation. Due to exposure to various environmental and structural factors such as bearing capacity, seismicity, and corrosion of rebars, columns are susceptible to performance degradation or loss of load-bearing capacity. Therefore, the application of strengthening techniques has become crucial for restoring column efficiency and improving their structural behavior. Recent years have witnessed significant advancements in strengthening methods, including the utilize of advanced combined like fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP), in addition to ferrocement and other strengthening techniques. These modern methods offer an attractive alternative to traditional methods involving concrete and steel jackets. All these techniques increase the column’s resistance to compressive, shear, and buckling forces, and also aim to improve the ductility and stiffness of the element as a whole. Environmental conditions, the nature of the damage, design requirements, feasibility of implementation, and cost are important factors in selecting the appropriate techniques. This review aims to study traditional and modern techniques used in RC columns, analyze the operating principle of each technique, and examine the factors affecting its effectiveness. Its performance and usage limits provide a knowledge base that contributes to improving design and engineering decisions in this vital field. The literature shows that modern reinforcement technologies, especially using FRP, fundamentally transform the seismic response of RC columns by promote lateral confinement, increasing energy dissipation  and ductility, while transforming the failure pattern from brittle attitude to safer ductile attitude, but their efficiency remains limited by the quality of bonding with concrete and the effects of the environment, where the separation (Debonding) is the most prominent challenge in long-term performance.

Keywords:

Column, Jacketing, Modern, Seismic, Strengthening, Techniques.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (58-78)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/58-78

Research Article By:

Roa’a Zuhair Altaee , Dhuha A. Al-kazzaz  

Corresponding author E-mail: roa’a.22enp46@student.uomosul.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Many studies have addressed the challenges facing the traditional educational environment in Iraq’s schools, which negatively impact the quality of education. However, these studies have not focused on the requirements of adopting active learning methods in school designs in Iraq. This paper aims to identify how active learning concepts can be incorporated into the design of future schools and provide recommendations for adapting existing schools to align with these learning methods. The study employed a two-stage methodology: (1) extracting the dominant design characteristics of active learning schools, and (2) conducting field visits and expert interviews to analyze the designs of a case study of recently constructed Chinese loan schools in Mosul. The design characteristics of the school layout, interior design, corridors, classrooms, and the exterior spaces of the active learning school were compared with four case studies of Iraqi schools to determine the possibility of adapting their features to accommodate active learning activities. The findings revealed that there is a need to enhance the design of current schools to support active learning methods. Key recommendations include avoiding linear layout and enclosed courtyards in school planning, maximizing the use of all spaces, and designing flexible, multifunctional corridors. The paper also emphasized the need to increase the informal learning spaces outside classrooms. It recommends replacing traditional classroom layouts with flexible configurations that incorporate movable partitions to provide greater functional flexibility and reorganizing outdoor spaces to support both learning and recreational activities.

Keywords:

Active learning methods; Flexible school design; Local schools; Design modifications; Educational spaces.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (2), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (45-57)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-02-/45-57

Research Article By:

Raghad Adel Fahad

Corresponding author E-mail:raghadadel83@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Clarifying the behavior of the soil near the bored pile foundation tips through   estimating the boundary of the influence has a great benefit theoretically and practically in the accurate design of pile foundations. This research presents an advanced geotechnical analysis of the piles in Nasiriyah soil applied to the foundation of the Al-Iskan Interchange project. The study employed finite element analysis, utilizing the Plaxis3d Foundation software to systematically investigate the impact of variations in internal friction angles and pile diameters on soil deformations. Through a parametric study, the research sheds light on the intricate relationship between these key parameters and the behavior of the soil. The findings reveal compelling insights: deformations exhibit a discernible pattern in response to internal friction angle and pile diameter alterations. Specifically, deformations demonstrate a diminishing trend with an increasing internal friction angle, while a contrasting escalation is observed with larger pile diameters. This nuanced understanding highlights the importance of selecting the depth to which the pile is driven. The depth refers to the soil with optimal values for internal friction angles and pile diameters in engineering projects, with direct implications for enhancing stability and minimizing deformation.

Keywords:

Geotechnical Analysis, Finite Element Analysis, Plaxis3dFoundation Software, Internal Friction Angle, Pile Diameter.

Get Full Access / pdf

Integrating Internet of Things (IOT) with responsive architecture: a framework for future buildings

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (74-92)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/74-92

Research Article By:

Osamah A. Al-Tameemi

Corresponding author E-mail: osamah.al-tameemi@coeng.uobaghdad.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The research here investigates how Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can be integrated into responsive architecture in order to create sustainable and energy-efficient smart buildings. The main issue being solved is that there is no clearly defined framework for integrating IoT in responsive architectural design that makes it challenging to attain real-time adaptability, reduce energy consumption, and enhance the user experience. The research aims to evaluate existing IoT implementations in architecture by analyzing real-world case studies and developing a conceptual framework that articulates IoT’s impact on building sustainability and efficiency. In an attempt to realize this goal, the research explores the following hypotheses: IoT integration greatly lowers a building’s energy use. IoT-enabled buildings are more flexible and more satisfactory to users than conventional architectural buildings. An IoT-responsive architecture framework that is well designed can be employed as a scalable model for future smart city infrastructure. Through IoT-enabled building case studies, it has been found that IoT deployment results in a 30% reduction in energy consumption and substantial improvement in occupant comfort and operational efficiency. Keeping these findings in perspective, the research proposes a holistic framework with specific guidance to architects and urban planners to design more adaptive, efficient, and user-friendly buildings.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Responsive Architecture, Smart Buildings, Energy Efficiency, Sustainability, Adaptive Environments.

Get Full Access / pdf

DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR PRELIMINARY SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EMERGING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (66-73)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/66-73

Research Article By:

Zainab Alridha

Corresponding author E-mail: Zainabalridha@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The construction industry is undergoing a profound transformation driven by concerns about sustainability, particularly the environmental impact of the materials used. Researchers are seeking to address such adverse impacts by introducing new sustainable construction materials; however, such emerging materials often lack clear criteria by which to verify claims about their sustainability. Traditional methods, including life cycle assessment (LCA), are comprehensive but present challenges, particularly in the early stages of development, in terms of information availability, complexity, and high resource requirements. In an attempt to mitigate these gaps, this paper proposes a simple framework for preliminary sustainability assessment of emerging construction materials, providing an accessible and easy-to-use tool for assessing sustainability claims. The three dimensions of this framework, environmental responsibility, economic viability, and social equity, provide a balanced view and identify key areas for assessment, including carbon footprint, embodied energy, resource efficiency, pollution management, life cycle cost, recyclability, market competitiveness, health and safety concerns, jobs, and societal benefits. By proposing a simplified and comprehensive framework that can be applied during the early stage of materials development where the limited data obstructs the assessment process, the proposed framework assists researchers in evaluating the sustainability of their newly developed materials and help in reducing uncertainties.

Keywords:  sustainable construction materials, sustainable construction, sustainability assessment.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (51-65)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/51-65

Research Article By:

Zain AL-abdeen Injers Tomma and Samoel Mahdi Saleh

Corresponding author E-mail: zainalmaliky451@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

A series of experimental tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of sustainable self-compacting concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (HSCFDST) columns. Nine column specimens were tested in the present study, taking into account the effects of the inner shape of the column cross section (circular or square), the hollowness ratio, and the recycled aggregate replacement ratio. For comparison, three of the tested specimens were filled with normal recycled aggregate concrete. It was observed that the maximum axial strength of CFDST columns increases with the increase in void fraction for round inner tubes and decreases with the increase in void fraction for square inner tubes. Also, it was found that for square column specimens, the ultimate axial strength of HSCFDST columns was inversely proportional to their hollowness and slenderness ratios. CFDST column specimens filled with recycled aggregate concrete compared with those filled with normal aggregate concrete decreased stiffness and ultimate axial strength but gave unexpected results for the ultimate axial strength; therefore, the suitable choice for the section properties of the inner steel tube is required. The bearing capacity of CFDST square columns with concrete aggregate (30% and 60%) decreases by 5% and 10%, respectively. Increasing the volume of recycled concrete led to a decrease in maximum load capacity, with a 30% volume resulting in a 5%-10% reduction and 60% volume further reducing capacity by 10%-14.6%. The experimental results and analytical approach that were developed by other researchers showed good agreement.

Keywords: CFDST, Sustainable concrete, self-compacting concrete, Composite column, Hollowness ratio, recycled aggregate.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (38-50)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/38-50

Research Article By:

Hasanain Atiyah, Rafea Dakhil Hussein and Hayder I. Mohammed

Corresponding author E-mail: hasanainatiyah@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a thorough examination of the thermal deterioration of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) influenced by fiber and CO₂ lasers, investigating their unique metallurgical and thermal effects. The elevated energy density of fiber lasers results in quick and highly targeted heating, enabling speedy material removal and ablation. Nonetheless, this quick heating causes considerable surface roughness, microfractures, and extensive molecular degradation, undermining the material’s structural integrity. In contrast, CO₂ lasers, distinguished by their longer wavelength, provide wider and more uniform heat distribution throughout the PMMA surface. This yields a more refined surface finish with enhanced degradation control, however at a reduced processing speed. The review examines the unique thermal distribution patterns generated by each laser type, investigating the development of heat-affected zones (HAZs) and the particular degradation mechanisms occurring inside these zones. The study examines the metallurgical alterations caused in the PMMA structure, focusing on aspects such as chain scission, depolymerization, and the generation of volatile byproducts. Experimental results demonstrate that fiber lasers are optimal for high-velocity material removal procedures where surface finish is not paramount, but CO₂ lasers are favored for applications requiring superior surface precision and less heat damage. These discoveries include substantial industrial ramifications for several industries, including automotive, optical, and medical device manufacture. The analysis closes by examining ways for optimizing laser parameters, including power, pulse length, and scanning speed, to attain a balance among processing efficiency, material integrity, and desired product quality in PMMA manufacturing.

Keywords: Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), thermal degradation, fiber laser, CO₂ laser, metallurgical analysis, laser-induced degradation, heat-affected zone (HAZ), material processing, surface quality.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (34-37)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/34-37

Research Article By:

Tarteel Abdullah Jabbar

Corresponding author E-mail: tarteel.abulla.cieng@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Deep foundations are often constructed using pile-driving techniques, which are inefficient in shallow foundation areas. However, this method creates ground vibrations that may affect surrounding structures, notably weaker ones, as they can develop fractures, experience irregular settlement, deform, or suffer issues related to the longevity of the building. This study comprehensively analyses vibration energy, its possible structural effects, and many mitigation options. The study integrates real measurement data, simulations, and other illustrative examples to make recommendations to reduce construction vibrations effectively.

Keywords: Vibration mitigation, structural damage, fracture settlement, bounding techniques, shallow structures, vibration recommendations, vibrations moderation, piles driven.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (27-33)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/27-33

Research Article By:

Enas Sami Sabbar and Haider Al-Jelawy

Corresponding author E-mail: eng.post.civil8@qu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

One of the most important structures in modern civil engineering is composite beams, which refer to beams that consist of different materials whereby the most common are concrete slabs and steel beams. This paper aims at presenting the state of research on the behavior and performance of composite beams emphasis has been put on the Shear connections. Some of the commonly used shear connectors include headed steel studs, channel connectors, and angle connectors, which improve the load bearing of steel and concrete structures. Literature review shows that important parameters such as connection type, concrete strength, and connection layout have been found to affect considerably the ultimate moment, the fatigue behavior, and the failure mode of the connection. In particular, it is important to mention that new materials, such as ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), and connector designs offer the potential for increasing loads and durability of connections. It is within this context that this review underlines the need to identify and manage design parameters to guarantee the safe and efficient use of composites in beam structures.

Keywords: Composite beam; Steel beam; Shear connection; UHPC; Failure mode

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (21-26)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01/21-26

Research Article By:

Tarteel Abdullah Jabbar

Corresponding author E-mail: tarteel.abulla.cieng@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The flexural performance of FRP-strengthened beams has become a critical focus in concrete structural engineering, particularly for enhancing strength, ductility, and durability. This paper provides a critical review of recent advancements in the use of FRP materials for flexural strengthening of concrete beams, emphasizing experimental findings, theoretical models, and practical applications. Key parameters affecting flexural performance—such as FRP type (carbon, glass, aramid), bonding techniques, and failure mechanisms—are thoroughly examined. While FRP materials offer advantages like a high modulus-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, challenges such as delamination, environmental durability, and cost remain significant. Additionally, emerging trends in reinforced or hybrid FRP systems are discussed. This review aims to offer researchers, engineers, and professionals comprehensive insights to develop effective and innovative solutions for concrete beam strengthening.

Keywords: Failure, Reinforced concrete beams, Flexural behaviour, Fibre reinforced polymer.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (15-20)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01/15-20

Research Article By:

Nuha Abdulsada AL-Mayyahi

Corresponding author E-mail: nuhaabdulsada@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Deep beams are one of the widest used members in construction due to their high rigidity and significant bending resistance. It used usually at high rise buildings, bridges, deck slabs and foundations. The beams may rest on soil in many cases like strap footing. Timoshenko beam theory and Fourier series were used for derivatizing the behavior of deep beams which rest on soil grade. Many parameters were investigated in the current study like modulus of subgrade reaction, beams dimensions and loading type. It was concluded that, the rigidity of deep beam is high in amounts that cancelling the effect of modulus of subgrade reaction. The beam width increases the bearing pressure of the soil and working on enhancing the stability of the beam and keeps it rest well on the soil so that increasing the width of beam led to minimizing sinking the beam into the soil so that reducing the deflection. Furthermore, increasing the height of the deep beam leads to minimizing the deflection of beam due to rising the shear resistance capacity of the beam which depends in the first degree on the beam thickness.

Keywords: Deep beams; modulus of subgrade reaction; Winkler model; concentrated and distributed loads.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (01-09)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/01-09

Research Article By:

Abaas J. Ismaeel, Ahmed A. Dakheel and Basim M. Al-Zaidi

Corresponding author E-mail: msc_ahmed@utq.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Analysis of rainfall data is important in the design and planning of water projects in cities. Therefore, in this research, rainfall data recorded at the Nasiriyah station located in the center of Thi-Qar Governorate, southern Iraq, was used for 80 years for the period (1940-2020) to determine the best probability distribution fits this data. All tests and statistical analyzes were carried out using the (HYFRAN-PLUS version 1.2) software, and the method of maximum likelihood was applied to obtain the coefficients of theoretical distributions. Eight distributions were tested: GEV (Generalized Extreme Value), Gumbel, Weibull, Normal, Lognormal, Gamma, Pearson type 3, and Log-Pearson type 3, and adequacy test was conducted by (Chi-Square) test for these distributions, the results showed the GEV, Lognormal, Pearson type 3, and Log-Pearson type 3 distributions are suitable, for describing extreme monthly rainfall in this study area.

Keywords: Best fitting; Extremes monthly rainfall; Nasiriyah city; Probability analysis; Weibull distribution.

Get Full Access / pdf

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (136-145)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02-/136-145

Research Article By:

Salahuddin Qusay Imran and Abdulamir Atalla Karim

Corresponding author E-mail: salahaldinqusay@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (127-135)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/127-135

Research Article By:

Ali salih and H. A. Ibrahim

Corresponding author E-mail: hanan.ahmed.ibrahim@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Wastewater contains multiple pollutants in different forms that may be biodegradable or non-degradable. Therefore, it was necessary to find different methods and processes to remove these pollutants, as Fenton oxidation (FO) processes were commonly used for commercial and residential operations. In a glass batch reactor, a Fenton oxidation process was performed for the purpose of purifying the produced water (PW) and removing the contaminated lead metal. Depending on the batch system used, the effect of operational process variables such as pH (3-10), oxidation time (20=120) min, concentration of hydrogen peroxide (25-100) ppm and ferrous sulphate (5-25) ppm was tested. Through the results obtained, it was demonstrated that the possibility of applying Fenton oxidation technology in removing lead metal contaminants from the produced water (PW) was successful. Lead elimination of 94.18% was achieved when using the Fenton oxidation technique, where a time of 120 minutes was taken at a pH of 6.5, 62.5 and 25 ppm for hydrogen and ferrous sulphate concentrations, respectively.

Keywords: Produced water, Heavy Metal, Wastewater treatment, Fenton Oxidation processes.

Get Full Access / pdf