Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (29-38)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/29-38

Research Article By:

Muna Gaber Arean and Alaa S. Al-Husainy

Corresponding author E-mail: muna.g.arean@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

During the life time of the structural members such as beams, columns and slabs, they are expected to be exposed to impact loads from falling objects, hit by cars, and ships with different weights, shapes and impact velocities. The previous studies were intensively studied the behavior of the structural members under lateral impact loadings. Yet very little attempts to understand the influence of the impact angle on the structural behavior of the members. Since failure of structural members can lead to the collapse of the entire structure, this study aims to understand how these members, behave and what causes them to fail under non-axial or lateral impact loads. Beams subjected to an inclined impact load are affected by several factors such as the speed and the mass of the impactor, the height of the dropped weight, the total impact energy, and the stiffness of the entire structure at the moment of impact.  Previous studies shown that when the reinforced concrete slabs subjected to an oblique impact load the local damage occurs at a greater rate when the impactor hit the slab with angle of 20 degrees. However, the effects of the oblique impact load are still under research and more studies are required to understand that behavior.

Keywords: Oblique impact, impact load, impact angle, impact velocity, critical load angle.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (19-28)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/19-28

Research Article By:

Ahmed Fadhil Kadhim Alfuraiji and Jamal Abdulsamad Khudhair

Corresponding author E-mail: Ahmed.alnawrs7@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

In the study of reinforcement beams, the behavior of reinforcing beams under torsion is challenging. The use of numerical approaches has been extensive for this purpose, particularly in relation to experimental research, which is usually associated with costs as well as very significant difficulties. This study aims to investigate the torsional moment behavior of the properties of concrete beams, where beams are tested by subjection to torsional moments that come from the eccentricity of the applied load.

The experimental 12 self-compacted reinforcement beams models adopted for analysis in this study are tested, all beams are geometrically similar, have a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of (200×250) mm2 with 1000 mm length, within parameters considered include the recycled aggregate concrete (RCA) content, (0,25,50 and 75 %), The amount of longitudinal reinforcement and the number of stirrups.

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the convenience and efficacy of utilizing ANSYS software for modeling and performing nonlinear analysis on reinforced concrete beams subjected to pure torsion.  The fracture threshold of each specimen was reached by applying a monotonic force. The identical specimens were additionally examined utilizing the methodology proposed by ACI318 to determine their torsional capabilities.

Where the application of FEM analysis allows for the assessment of cracking and fracture torques with a high level of accuracy. The torsional capacity achieved with this method was superior in precision compared to the method described in ACI318. Also, the torsional cracking morphology and the crack propagation trend were properly predicted through to the point of the crack.

Keywords: Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC), Finite Element Method (FEM), Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RCA), Torsion, Crack, Angles of twist, SOLID65, Longitudinal bars, Stirrups,Ultimate load.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (09-18)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/09-18

Research Article By:

Ashraf A. Salih, Thaer A. Abdulla and Ahmed S. Abdullah

Corresponding author E-mail: asraf.a.salih10479@st.tu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

This research examines the process of choosing between the reliable proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and the recommended model predictive control (MPC) controller for the vacuum distillation unit (VDU) by analyzing its dynamic behavior. Aspen HYSYS V12.1 and MATLAB Simulink Environment (2021 A) software programs were used in this study to compare the performance of the PID and MPC controllers to analyze the overhead temperature response. The temperature response in the middle of the tower (stage No. 15) is both a basic factor in improving product quality and quantity through a set point (SP) step change in the mass flow rate of the feed stream, feeding temperature, and flow rate of stripping steam. In addition, to study the effect of a disturbance step change on the feed pump efficiency, as well as making a change in the overhead temperature and the temperature of stage No. 15 to clarify the performance difference between the (PID) and (MPC), The study result showed that MPC is better than PID in reaching the desired value and overcoming the turbulence effect, The overhead and (stage No.15) temperatures response time to reach steady state, it is found that the MPC response time shorter than the PID with respect to the efficiency disturbance by (81% and 293%), step change in feed flow rate by (43% and 47.2%), feed temperature by  (440% and 158%), low pressure steam (LPS) (81% and 290%) and set point (86.6% and 218%), In the overshot and raising time, the MPC shows better temperature overshoot and raising time in all step change cases taken than the PID except the overhead temperature in feed temperature step change shows that PID is better in small temperature difference, and steady state error percentage for the MPC shows that it is zero or approximately zero in the inputs step change but for the PID the steady state error is not zero like in step change in feed flow rate and temperature which are 0.01 and 0.02 respectively.

This study shows how the efficiency of the distillation separation process can be increased through the prediction disturbance, overcoming it and high response time to reach the desired value, which increases the production quality, and quantity and reduces the energy associated with the production process (steam, fuel, electricity, etc.).

Keywords: Vacuum distillation unit, model predictive control, proportional integral derivative, LPS, vacuum diesel oil, heavy vacuum gas oil, light vacuum gas oil.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (01-08)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/01-08

Research Article By:

Ahmed Saaudi, Riyadh Mansoor and Salah Alheejawi

Corresponding author E-mail: ahmed.saaudi@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

A brain tumor is a serious disease that requires a talented specialist to differentiate the tumor types (benign or malignant) accurately in the early stages. Artificial intelligent (AI) can participate in facilitating the specialists’ task by performing deep learning algorithms on MRI-based images to achieve an accurate decision. There are many pretrained models that are developed based on deep learning algorithms to tackle brain tumor identification issue. In this work, the weights of three pretrained models: Xception, Inception-resnet50, and VGG 16 are adapted to develop brain-tumor detection systems. The structure of each system is upgraded by adding an input layer and two dense layers of 32, and 16 nodes, respectively, with one output layer to classify the input samples, (MRI of brain tumor). Later, a comprehensive comparison is conducted to evaluate the behavior of each model according to the ability to identify the tumor type (Healthy or malignant). The comparison study reveals the superiority of the VGG16 model in terms of accuracy. Moreover, the structure of the VGG16 model presents less complexity regarding the number of CNN layers and training parameters. Reducing the complexity participates in saving the consuming energy and reducing the execution time. The latter is crucial since it helps specialists to identify the tumor type easily and in, relatively, less time. The main aim of this study is to develop a highly accurate and less complex CNN-based model to recognize the brain tumor type. A model of three CNN-based layers with 719281 trainable parameters is suggested. The proposed model shows 96% accuracy in approximately 8500 seconds. Even though the accuracy of CNN-based model is less than the VGG16 model, the proposed model surpasses the VGG16 in terms of complexity and execution time. Also, the proposed model shows a better performance compared to the Inception-resnet50 v2 and exception models.

Keywords: Deep learning, Transfer learning, AI, Healthcare.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (96-107)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/96-107

Research Article By:

Aqeel Kareem Zayer Al-hashimi and Reyhane Tati

Corresponding author E-mail: aqeel.kareem313@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Intelligent traffic management systems, urban planning, and the reduction of traffic congestion all depend on traffic flow prediction. In this research, a method based on machine learning based on neural network combination and feature selection based on genetic algorithm is presented for predicting short-time traffic flow. The genetic algorithm-based approach seeks to find a model’s optimal parameters globally. Inner-city traffic constantly changes and can be unpredictable. This is because traffic patterns repeat over time (have periodic characteristics) but also swing wildly from moment to moment (high fluctuations). As a result, it’s very hard to guess what traffic will be like in the future. Thin operators have been used duo to it good performance for short-time traffic prediction in neural networks system. In Isfahan gathered traffic data to see how well a new model, called LSTM, predicts traffic flow. We compared LSTM’s performance against other established methods like wavelet neural networks (WNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). the proposed neural network prediction model and genetic algorithm results have %97 accuracy, %97 correlation coefficient, 14.67 less average absolute error, higher signal-to-noise ratio, 0.97 entropy value, and 3.95 standard deviation. Compared to other methods, it has shown its superiority, such as ordinary neural networks. This model excels at finding the best solution quickly and accurately, even with noisy or complex data.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI); machine learning (ML); Intelligent transportation system (ITS); Traffic prediction (TP); wavelet neural networks (WNN); multilayer perceptron (MLP).

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (86-95)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/86-95

Research Article By:

Zainab Hayder and Alaa S Al-Husainy

Corresponding author E-mail: zainab99hayder@gmail.com and Zainab.h.q@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) column has been widely used in multi-storey buildings, towers and bridges due to its exceptional structural capacity and high load bearing. As a result of the increase in human activity within the building space and the recent increase in the rate of fires, it is important to research the behavior of this important type of columns under the influence of the combined load of static and fire loads. In this research, an introduction to CFST columns and an overview of published studies on the fire performance of CFST columns is presented. In this research, the focus was on the mechanical properties of steel and concrete and its effect on the column under the influence of high temperatures. To learn about CFST columns and their characteristics, and to diagnose the scientific gap in the behavior of these columns and the characteristics that need to be studied more deeply. Through research, it was found that the yield strength of steel does not have that important effect on the column’s resistance to fire compared to the resistance of concrete. It was also found that increasing the percentage of thinness negatively affects fire resistance. The double-skin column is the least studied for its mechanical properties and behavior under high temperatures.

Keywords: Composite columns, fire loading, static and fire loading, numerical simulation, concrete-filled steel column, CFST, numerical simulation, Abaqus 2017.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (81-85)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/81-85

Research Article By:

Risalah A. Mohammed

Corresponding author E-mail: risalah.mohammed@stu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

An estimated 40% to 70% of the total water in desalination technologies is released as brine. In addition to high salinity concentrations, these liquid wastes contain different chemical components depending on the type and method of treatment. This brine causes a change in the marine environment due to its high ability to change the salinity, alkalinity and temperature of sea water, which affects the growth and size of aquatic life and disturbs marine diversity. There are several common methods for disposing of brine. These methods include sewer drainage, evaporation ponds, surface water drainage, deep well injection, and sprinkler irrigation.

Evaporation and discharge methods into seawater are among the least expensive methods and are appropriate if appropriate conditions are available, such as a hot climate and spacious lands. The most efficient but most expensive method is zero liquid discharge. Whatever the method used, the main factor, in addition to the cost, is to reduce the environmental impact so that the discharge of brine waste does not cause a change in the marine environment or groundwater.

Keywords: Brine, ZLD, Evaporation, Cost, Efficiency

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (72-80)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/72-80

Research Article By:

Zain A. Ali and Ali Al-Rifaie

Corresponding author E-mail: zain.a.ali@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The service life of structural buildings may encounter dynamic loads such as impact and explosion loads, which can occur accidentally, such as vehicle collisions or explosions. As a result, studying the structural behaviour of members in dynamic scenarios is essential. In addition, the incorporation of web openings in these members is an important aspect of structural engineering. However, It leads to a complicated of factors that greatly influence the overall performance and behaviour of the structure. The purpose of this article is to review the studies on the primary factors affecting the dynamic behaviour of the cellular steel beams under impact loading. This will be accomplished by discussing experimental, numerical and analytical studies. Also, the utilized guidelines in designing buildings to resist impact loads were reviewed. The study found that incorporating a slab greatly enhances the load-bearing and shear strength of a composite beam when subjected to impact, surpassing that of a steel beam without a slab. The size and positioning of web holes greatly affect the behaviour of perforated steel beams, especially the stress distribution in these beams.

Keywords: Cellular beams, elongated web openings, impact load, composite beam, slab thickness.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (63-71)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/63-71

Research Article By:

Othman Hameed Zinkaah, Zainab Alridha, Musab Alhawat and Amir Khan

Corresponding author E-mail: Othman.h.zinkaah@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Rubberised concrete provides elasticity, energy absorption, lightweight, and excellent acoustic and thermal insulation.  Nevertheless, a notable drawback is its reduced compressive strength. To address this, incorporating silica fume emerges as a promising method to enhance compressive strength and overall performance. The current study aims at optimising the mechanical and thermal characteristics of rubberised concrete by incorporating silica fume as an additive. The investigation focuses on identifying the optimal ratio of crumb rubber and silica fume that yields favourable results across various properties, with a particular emphasis on compressive strength and thermal conductivity. Nine concrete mixes were developed, wherein 10% and 20% of the fine aggregate were substituted with two different percentages of crumb rubber. In addition, silica fume was used to substitute 10% and 15% of the cement. The experimental phase involved conducting tests for both compressive strength and thermal conductivity. The findings indicated a progressive decline in compressive strength as the crumb rubber content increased. This trend, however, was counterbalanced by the strengthening influence of silica fume. The density exhibited a decline with higher rubber content, but a marginal increase was observed upon the inclusion of silica fume. Moreover, water absorption tests indicated heightened absorption in the presence of rubber, countered using silica fume. Furthermore, as rubber content increased, thermal conductivity decreased, enhancing the insulating properties of rubberised concrete compared to plain concrete. Silica fume, while slightly diminishing thermal insulation in non-rubberized concrete, exhibited a negligible impact on the insulation qualities of rubberized concrete. Overall, the concrete mix comprising 20% rubber and 10% silica fume demonstrated the best performance in terms of both compressive strength and thermal conductivity. This research provides valuable insights into optimising the properties of rubberised concrete, offering a compelling pathway for sustainable construction practices with enhanced characteristics.

Keywords: Rubberised Concrete, Silica Fume, Compressive Strength, Thermal conductivity.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (53-62)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/53-62

Research Article By:

Rabee Jameel Al-Shammari

Corresponding author E-mail: rabee.jameel@uowasit.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

An event always refers to something that is often important, and in cities it refers to special spatial actions that play an important role in the future of the city and the formation of its physical entity. Cities without events live between contradictions based on the physical dimension and the search for identity within the repetitive activities of daily life. Given the importance of the relationship between individuals and the nature of the urban spaces, the event has the most important impact in understanding the nature of the differences coming from human intervention in urban spaces. The research problem comes from the focus of those interested in the material aspects more than the activities of individuals and institutions within city centers. To understand the relationship between the event and the effectiveness of architectural design, an important urban space in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad (Tahrir Square) in an important period characterized by increased social interaction was selected as part of the case study. If the event effectively affects the value of buildings and urban spaces.

Three main indicators and eight secondary indicators were extracted from the literature related to the research topic. These indicators were tested on a case study (a Turkish restaurant in Baghdad, the World Trade Towers) by a group of urban and architectural design experts to determine the feasibility of achieving the indicators. The research has arrived. It is the effectiveness of individuals within city centers that adds qualitative value to physical structures, and the culture of values takes on a collective character that represents the constants that society maintains within its moral, religious, and customary systems within cities. therefore, That Actions Qualify Spaces as Much as Spaces Qualify Actions.

Keywords: Architecture Actions, Collective Memories, Creative Production, Urban Event, Urban Spaces.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (43-52)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/43-52

Research Article By:

Mohammed Zuhair Azeez

Corresponding author E-mail: Mohammad.zuhair@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

This paper delves into the evolution and innovation in control strategies for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters, underscoring their pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency, stability, and grid compatibility of solar energy systems. Beginning with an exploration of advanced modulation techniques and adaptive harmonic filtering, the discussion extends to sophisticated control algorithms, including fuzzy logic and deep learning-based approaches. The paper highlights the significance of addressing wideband harmonics, ensuring robust system performance against fluctuations, and the need for decentralized control strategies in 250-kW PV array connected to a 25-kV grid via a three-phase converter. Furthermore, it addresses the emerging cybersecurity challenges posed by the increasing sophistication of inverter systems. The integration of intelligent control methods, nonlinear dynamic models, and smart inverter functionalities is presented as a holistic approach to optimizing PV systems for a future where renewable energy seamlessly integrates into the existing energy infrastructure. The paper concludes by asserting the indispensable role of these advanced control strategies in paving the way for a sustainable, stable, and efficient energy future.

Keywords: Photovoltaic inverter; advanced control; power quality; model predictive control; virtual impedance; grid integration.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (31-42)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/31-42

Research Article By:

Ahlam Jebur Kadhim and Othman Hameed Zinkaah

Corresponding author E-mail: ahlam.j.kadhim@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Corrosion on steel reinforcement has a substantial effect on the total lifespan of concrete buildings over time. As a result, researchers are looking at different methods to combat this issue. As a consequence of their remarkable mechanical qualities and resistance to corrosion, fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite bars have gained a large amount of interest from the construction sector. In the construction of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, FRP bars may be used as an alternative to the conventional steel bars. Although the use of steel is effective, corrosion can cause cracking, spalling, and separation of steel bars in RC. Compared to steel-RC beams, FRP-RC beams deflect and shatter more due to their lower modulus of elasticity and a high prevalence of broad cracks than steel-reinforced beams. Also, FRP bars’ tensile strength at bent portions is 40-50% lower than that of straight bars. This study aims to evaluate the use of hybrid steel and FRP to reinforce concrete members, avoiding the disadvantages of using one of them as a reinforcement. The results showed that using hybrid reinforcement (steel/FRP bars) in structural components seems to improve building system efficacy by increasing load capacity, ductility, serviceability, and corrosion resistance. This technique can save maintenance costs, extend infrastructure life, and improve sustainability. Also, when the FRP to steel ratio is properly balanced, a desired level of ductility and moment redistribution can be achieved. Additionally, this study suggests conducting more investigations to determine the serviceability and structural properties of combining these materials in the long term.

Keywords: Corrosion resistance, ductility, fibre-reinforced polymer, flexural behaviour, hybrid-reinforced concrete beam.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (22-30)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/22-30

Research Article By:

Mohammed Tariq and Isam Alyaseri

Corresponding author E-mail: mohammed.t.a@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Solid waste is becoming a worldwide issue that must be delt with to alleviate resource depletion and to face the pollution problem. One of the major components in solid wastes is plastic. The yearly waste generation of plastics has been rising significantly. With high health problem associated with plastic waste, many approaches were introduced for recycling. Using plastic waste in concrete mix is one approach for plastic recycling that is gaining more interest globally. In Iraq, where huge amounts of plastic waste are generating daily, the need for this approach is vital. Hollow concrete blocks are of the most public building bricks used around the country. This paper aims to examine how properties of compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and dry density would affect when hollow concrete blocks are used for recycling plastic waste processed as clasps of ring strips. After cutting and arranged, PET ring clasps were introduced to the mix in varying quantities (3, 4, 6, and 8) and added to hollow blocks of size 360 mm x 200 mm x 200 mm. After concrete blocks casting and curing for 28 days, they were tested for their physical properties. Most of the central physical properties of these hollow blocks were identified and showed in this study. The results showed that there was no slump before adding the clasp of ring strips, a noticeable decrease in the fresh density of the concrete as the content of PET plastic waste increases, and an increase in the compressive strength with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 6 and then decreased when increasing to 8. Results showed an increase in flexural strength for samples with clasps of ring strips. The water absorption increases with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 3, and after that, the water absorption starts to decrease with the increase in the number of PET clasps. The dry density decreases with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 3, and after that, starts to increase with the increase in the number of PET clasps. The results revealed that 6 ring clasps strips of PET (2.4 kg plastic/cubic meter of concrete) added was the optimum mix.

Keywords: Hollow concrete blocks in Iraq, recycling strips of PET plastic waste.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (13-21)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/13-21

Research Article By:

Iman H. Majeed, Mazin A. Ahmed and Haleem K. Hussain

Corresponding author E-mail: pgs2350@uobasrah.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The use of fibers has become widely adopted to enhance the properties of concrete within structural applications, enabling them to withstand various loads. In this research, an experimental study was carried out to examine the impact of incorporating polyolefin fibers (PF) in different ratios on the structural response of reinforced concrete beams to a purely torsional load. The study examined four polyolefin fiber ratios (PFR) (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%) for both normal and high strength concrete. A total of 8 reinforced concrete beam specimens were fabricated; four specimens were made of normal concrete and the remaining four were made of high strength concrete. In addition to assessing the torsional behavior of the specimens, the mechanical characteristics of the concrete were investigated. The results demonstrated that the PF had a negligible influence on the concrete compressive strength of both levels. However, the tensile and flexural concrete strengths showed an improvement as the fiber content increased. Specifically, the tensile strength increased by approximately 78% and 41% for normal and high strength concrete, respectively when using a 1.5% PFR (polyolefin fiber ratio). Likewise, the flexural strength increased by approximately 88% and 65% for normal and high strength concrete, respectively, with 1.5% PFR. The experimental torsional test results indicated that torsional performance improved with increasing PFR. The ultimate torsional load demonstrated a 74% and 45% increase for a 1.5% PFR compared to specimens without fibers for normal and high strength concrete, respectively. Additionally, the twist angle of the specimens increased with increasing PFR, reflecting an improvement in their ductility. It is worth noting that the rate of improvement decreased after reaching a PFR of 1.0%.

Keywords: Torsional Strength, Polyolefin Fiber, High Strength, Normal Strength, Pure Torsion.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (01-12)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/01-12

Research Article By:

Muhaed Alali, Raghda Hamdan Jiyad and S.M. Thahab

Corresponding author E-mail: raghda.hamdan.jiad@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

Spot welding joins various steel types across diverse applications. Notably, it plays a crucial role in automotive manufacturing, where over 5000 spot welds contribute to the structural integrity of each car. This complex process relies on heat and pressure to create “nuggets” of melted metal that bond the sheets together. However, the rapid heating and cooling involved induce significant changes in the material’s microstructure, mechanical properties, and residual stresses. These stresses arise from non-uniform expansion and contraction during welding, as well as from phase transformations due to localized heating and cooling. This study delves into these microstructural changes, residual stresses, and mechanical behaviors of spot welds. Additionally, it investigates how welding parameters like current, time, and force influence the joint’s strength and residual stresses.

Keywords: Resistance Spot Welding, Microstructure, Residual stresses, Alloy steel.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (11), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2023), Pages (91-95)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2023-11-02/91-95

Research Article By:

Firas Fouad Abdullah

Corresponding author E-mail: firas77fuad@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The inter-granular-Nano porous 0.65PMN-0.35PT ceramic abbreviated as “PMNT were fabricated for the first time by introducing pore forming agent multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), the thermal analysis of Nano tube, and the effect of MWCNT ratio on their density, phase analysis, microstructure were investigated. the complete burnout of the MWCNT as pore forming agent was about 850℃. The ideal sintering procedure of PMNT ceramic was arranged in agreement with thermo gravimetric reading of Nano material.  XRD test indicated that MWCNT as Nano voids shaping factor did not influence on PMNT ceramic crystallographic structure. The porosity of PMNT ceramic 24% more than that of pure sample while the density difference between dense and porous was very low ~1.53 g/cm³ at a fixed MWCNT addition.

Keywords: 0.65PMN-0.35PT, Nano Porous ceramic, MWCNT, sintering, FESEM and XRD.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (11), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2023), Pages (84-90)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2023-11-02/84-90

Research Article By:

Thabit Fadhil Hssouney

Corresponding author E-mail: thabit.fadil@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

In current study, an assessment has been done for the efficacy of using coagulation and oxidation technique for removing organic pollutants from industrial water of petroleum refinery, that will give an advantage to reuse treated water, and reduce environment pollutions. The study shows at low Fe (VI) concentrations potassium ferrate (VI) (K₂FeO₄) has outstanding antiseptic possessions and can deactivate a wide range of microorganisms. In addition, using Fe (VI) presenting Fe (III) as a byproduct, which is a harmless and an ecologically friendly substance ion, because its treatment does not produce any chlorination. For the data, the experimental designed via response surface methodology by the Box-Behnken design remained rummage-sale to analyze the three effects operating limits: ferrate concentration, oxidation time, pH, and their properties on the approach of the aforementioned pollutants removal. The study revealed that the constancy of potassium ferrate solution peaked at a pH of 6-7 and that a high concentration of ferrate solution was more stable than a low concentration.

Keywords: Produced water, oil /water emulsion, refinery wastewater, water treatment, BBD.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (11), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2023), Pages (77-83)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2023-11-02/77-83

Research Article By:

Mustafa H. Ali

Corresponding author E-mail: mustafa.h@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

In order to fulfill our modern world demand, Free Space Optics (FSO) is developed. And (multiple input multiple output) MIMO-FSO systems have been put in place to analysis and implement the exhaustive achievement for transfers the data in wider bandwidth and in the form of light waves to achieves higher data rate transmission using different encoding schemes executed with four various communication channels. The various meteorological turbulence such as wind, snow, fog, rain, etc significantly affected MIMO-FSO transmission medium performance as means of reception and transmission FSO system employ direct detection and intensity modulation. MIMO-FSO systems simulation has been analyzed as a function of link range, bit rate and transmitted power, however, FSO widespread growth has been restrain by reliability issues and availability. With consideration to the value of Q. Factor, Eye Diagram and BER. The Simulation results characterize that MIMO-FSO system play a good solution with meteorological turbulence. Compare to the low power and minimum distortion for long distance While maintaining reliability. The result displayed that RZ is the preferable type of modulation accommodate a large value of Q-factor. while NRZ allocate on top of Q-factor values in case in MIMO-FSO. It is precious noticing that improving the achievement of MIMO-FSO system is highly dependent on the Meteorological turbulence, specially by link range, bit rate and transmitted power. However, noting this performance increasing led to cost and complexity also increases.

Keywords: BER (Bit Error Rate), Q-Factor, Free Space Optics (FSO), Meteorological Turbulence, Eye Diagram, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output).

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (11), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2023), Pages (62-76)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2023-11-02/62-76

Research Article By:

Hanadi F. Frhaan and Aqeel H. Chkheiwer

Corresponding author E-mail: hanadi2297@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This research focuses on the investigation of corbels constructed using slurry-infiltrated fiber concrete (SIFCON). A total of twelve SIFCON corbels were fabricated in a controlled laboratory setting, with each corbel varying in certain parameters. These parameters include the volume fraction of steel fibers, which were set at three different ratios of 5, 6, and 7%. Additionally, the study examined the influence of the shear span to effective depth ratio, with values of 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 being considered. Furthermore, the impact of a combination of micro and hook fibers, as well as the effect of reinforcement steel bars, were also investigated. The variables have affected on the mechanical properties of concrete, including the percentage of fiber, as by increasing the percentages, notice an improvement in the performance of the concrete, ultimate load, and cracking loads, also a reduction in deflection. The augmentation of steel fiber content from 5 to 7% resulted in notable enhancements in splitting tensile strength and flexural strength, with increases of approximately 32 and 22.4% respectively. Additionally, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity shown improvements of approximately 11.3 and 12% respectively, where the effect of the shear ratio on the models was negative, as this effect appeared on the ultimate load, and on the crack load. The crack modes exhibited a flexural tension. These cracks initiated at the junction lines between the corbel and the column, or in its vicinity, and subsequently spread along the face of the column.

Keywords: High strength, Ultimate load, corbels, SIFCON, Steel Fiber, cracking Load, shear span and effective depth.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (11), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2023), Pages (47-61)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2023-11-02/47-61

Research Article By:

Hussein Kamal Kadhim and Mazin Diwan Abdullah

Corresponding author E-mail: pgs.hussein.kamal@uobasrah.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The study numerically examined eight concrete deep beam specimens seven with strut and one reference with normal reinforcement the reinforcement quantity varied among the specimens, yet none exceeded the amount present in the reference sample. In instances where an excessive amount of reinforcement was situated in the strut area, it was judiciously redistributed to bolster the reinforcement configuration of the specimens. The specimen tested using abaqus program. Upon examining the results, it was observed that the strut reinforcement technique was more effective than conventional reinforcement, providing an (5% to 10%) increase in maximum load capacity depending on the type of concrete used. Additionally, it resulted in a decrease of (6 to 42%) in the amount of compression reinforcement needed. The study also revealed that having additional reinforcement, such as shear reinforcement or any other reinforcement, in the mid-span of a deep beam and away from the stress zone does not provide any significant benefit, unlike reinforcement in the stress zone, which increases the strength of the beam. It was also noted that cracks are formed in the shear and flexural zones at reference specimen when a load less than the specimens with strut is applied. The displacement in specimens with strut was less than of reference sample. It was also found that strain in specimens with strut reinforcement was lower than in reference specimen.

Keywords: Deep beam, Strut and tie specimen, Reinforcement strut, strain, two points load, Abaqus program.

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