Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (13), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2025), Pages (01-09)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2025-13-01-/01-09

Research Article By:

Abaas J. Ismaeel, Ahmed A. Dakheel and Basim M. Al-Zaidi

Corresponding author E-mail: msc_ahmed@utq.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Analysis of rainfall data is important in the design and planning of water projects in cities. Therefore, in this research, rainfall data recorded at the Nasiriyah station located in the center of Thi-Qar Governorate, southern Iraq, was used for 80 years for the period (1940-2020) to determine the best probability distribution fits this data. All tests and statistical analyzes were carried out using the (HYFRAN-PLUS version 1.2) software, and the method of maximum likelihood was applied to obtain the coefficients of theoretical distributions. Eight distributions were tested: GEV (Generalized Extreme Value), Gumbel, Weibull, Normal, Lognormal, Gamma, Pearson type 3, and Log-Pearson type 3, and adequacy test was conducted by (Chi-Square) test for these distributions, the results showed the GEV, Lognormal, Pearson type 3, and Log-Pearson type 3 distributions are suitable, for describing extreme monthly rainfall in this study area.

Keywords: Best fitting; Extremes monthly rainfall; Nasiriyah city; Probability analysis; Weibull distribution.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (136-145)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02-/136-145

Research Article By:

Salahuddin Qusay Imran and Abdulamir Atalla Karim

Corresponding author E-mail: salahaldinqusay@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (127-135)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/127-135

Research Article By:

Ali salih and H. A. Ibrahim

Corresponding author E-mail: hanan.ahmed.ibrahim@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Wastewater contains multiple pollutants in different forms that may be biodegradable or non-degradable. Therefore, it was necessary to find different methods and processes to remove these pollutants, as Fenton oxidation (FO) processes were commonly used for commercial and residential operations. In a glass batch reactor, a Fenton oxidation process was performed for the purpose of purifying the produced water (PW) and removing the contaminated lead metal. Depending on the batch system used, the effect of operational process variables such as pH (3-10), oxidation time (20=120) min, concentration of hydrogen peroxide (25-100) ppm and ferrous sulphate (5-25) ppm was tested. Through the results obtained, it was demonstrated that the possibility of applying Fenton oxidation technology in removing lead metal contaminants from the produced water (PW) was successful. Lead elimination of 94.18% was achieved when using the Fenton oxidation technique, where a time of 120 minutes was taken at a pH of 6.5, 62.5 and 25 ppm for hydrogen and ferrous sulphate concentrations, respectively.

Keywords: Produced water, Heavy Metal, Wastewater treatment, Fenton Oxidation processes.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (121-126)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/121-126

Research Article By:

Atheer Muhammed Ali

Corresponding author E-mail: atheer.muhammed@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Warm mix asphalt (WMA) binders with varying amounts of Sasobit additive are made using two kinds of asphalt binders (PEN80-100 and 60-70). The Sasobit content was from 0.4% to 2.0%, with a range of 0.4 by mass of asphalt binder. Penetration, Rotational Viscosity (RV), and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests were performed. In addition, the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) and the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) tests were carried out to simulate the short-term and long-term aging of asphalt binder, respectively. Furthermore, for both asphalt binders, the complex shear modulus (G*) was determined in order to calculate the rutting factor (G*/Sinδ) and fatigue factor (G*. Sinδ). The results obtained reveal that, the asphalt performs better at higher temperatures and worse at lower ones. Because excessive amounts of Sasobit will negatively affect the asphalt binder, it should be added to the asphalt binder at a mass percentage of no more than 2%.

Keywords: Asphalt binders, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Fatigue factor, Rolling Thin Film Oven, Warm mix asphalt.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (90-99)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/90-99

Research Article By:

Jaafar Salman Abdulsada, Enaam kareem jawad and Rami Alawi Rahim

Corresponding author E-mail: jaafars.abdulsada@gmail.com, enamkareem@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

In this research, the large deflection of a cantilever tested steel beam of linear elastic material under the action of an external vertical concentrated force at the free end was numerically investigated. The definition of large deflection behavior indicates the inherent nonlinearity found in the response analysis in these beam systems. The analysis pertains to the domain of geometric nonlinearity, often expressing the equilibrium equation in a deformed structure. Numerous authors have implemented various numerical methodologies to address these issues. This paper investigates Rang-kuta numerical techniques for the numerical simulation of the problem. To achieve this purpose, a cantilever beam of length 1 meter and an isotropic thin steel plate with a rectangular cross-section were used. Assuming the beam material is isotropic, with a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio equal zero. The performance of the tested beam was assessed considering deflection and deflection angle. A parametric study is also included to investigate the effect of cross section dimensions (width x height) of steel plate on the bending and the deflection value of tested beams.  The assessments indicate that the proposed method can be widely applied to measure large deflections in thin steel plate materials under concentered load at the free end of cantilever beams.

Keywords: Cantilever beams; Large deflection; Thin material; Steel plate; Analytical solution; Bending.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (80-89)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/80-89

Research Article By:

Ola Mazen Makki, Enaam kareem jawad and Jaafar Salman Abdulsada

Corresponding author E-mail: ola.mazen@qu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Concrete slabs are the most construction members which is in touch with soil. The applied load on concrete slab causes a deformation in slab and soil which making a relative movement between the two medias and that’s what named by soil-structure interaction. Improving concrete slab strength allows the designer to get the required strength without increasing slab thickness and necessary for safety purposes when the slab exposed to unexpected loads.  The study investigated this interaction by casting three concrete slabs and applied a static load on them to discuss their behavior and the soil response. Three plain square slabs of 600 mm sides and 40 mm thickness were casted and tested to investigate the concrete enhancement. The first slab is conventional while the second was of 0.5% percentage of steel fiber and the third specimen was of 1% of steel fiber. It was concluded that, the center of slab deflects downward, while the corners go upward then settles. Adding Steel fiber enhance the concrete compressive strength. The development in slabs bearing capacity were enhanced by 44.7% and 67.03% after adding 0.5% and 1% of fibers respectively.

Keywords: Slab, Foundation, Soil, Soil-Structure interaction, Steel Fiber.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (73-79)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/73-79

Research Article By:

Ahmed H. Shubber and Basim Jabbar Abbas

Corresponding author E-mail: ahmed.h.abbas@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Seismic isolation achieves its purpose by making the structure functionally independent from the ground through seismic isolators, which are devices that mitigate the horizontal earthquake motion that can be transmitted to a building. The adoption of seismic isolation is not only limited to new structures but also included in many existing structures— major earthquakes demonstrated the effectiveness of these systems, so such is adopted. Most past research on seismic isolation techniques have been confined to regional studies; this paper proposes a historical review on evolution of isolations methods chronologically. Classification of seismic isolation techniques is done based on their mechanism with brief descriptions of their advantages and disadvantages and any recent innovations or alternative methods widely used under this category noted at the end of each classification provided within the study. Earthquakes are considered one of the most dangerous natural conditions, so they claim thousands of lives and property annually to reduce these damages to the facility, several studies and research have been conducted on the possibility of reducing the effects of seismic waves either by absorbing that energy or dissipating it using different techniques to isolate the foundations or to isolate the entire building, but the problem of these techniques needs a special work environment with a high material cost. The research aims to study the different methods of seismic isolation or damping for the design of foundations separately or multi-storey buildings as a whole with retarded waves according to the nature and strength of the seismic intensity as well as the materials available in the country and to find the best way to reduce the vibrations resulting from seismic movement.

Keywords: Seismic isolation, Seismic load, Damping, Isolation for footing, Earthquakes.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (62-72)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/62-72

Research Article By:

Nabil Abdulwahab Abdulrazaq Baban

Corresponding author E-mail: nabilrazzak@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Wireless communication networks often face challenges from carrier and symbol interference, leading to degraded signal quality and reduced data transmission efficiency. This interference occurs due to overlapping signals and multipath propagation, creating challenges in maintaining reliable communication. To address this, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology can be utilized. By dividing the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, OFDMA reduces interference between symbols and carriers. However, current methods can be further improved through innovative techniques, such as dynamic subcarrier allocation, adaptive modulation, and advanced error correction algorithms, enhancing network performance and minimizing interference in diverse environments. OFDMA surpasses traditional techniques by reducing interference through orthogonal subcarriers, preventing signal overlap. Its dynamic resource allocation optimizes frequency usage, while adaptive modulation like Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) adjusts to varying channel conditions. These factors collectively enhance signal quality, improve spectral efficiency, and minimize interference compared to conventional methods like FDMA or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). This paper introduces a novel approach to enhancing OFDMA by integrating advanced techniques like dynamic subcarrier allocation, adaptive modulation, and improved error correction. These innovations reduce carrier and symbol interference more effectively, optimize spectrum usage, and significantly improve signal quality and network efficiency in diverse wireless environments. Simulation and analysis results show the capacity of OFDMA over traditional techniques in reducing levels of interference and improving the quality of a signal. These findings underscore the great promise of OFDMA in redefining wireless communication systems further, OFDMA enables greater system performance with dynamic resource allocation under various interfering scenarios when contrasted with other methodologies like frequency reuse, adaptive filtering or adaptive power control.

Keywords: OFDMA, ICI, ISI, IoT, PSK, QAM, ECC, MIMO, SIR, BER, SNR, LTE, FDE, TDE, CP, AMC, FFT, IFFT.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (50-61)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/50-61

Research Article By:

Qasim Mohammed Khudair Salman and Ahmed Naseh Ahmed Hamdan

Corresponding author E-mail: qasim.muhamad@sa-uc.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Al-Zubair district is located in the southwestern part of Basrah governorate and is considered the largest region administratively. Due to the rapid urbanization, rapid population growth, high waste productivity, and inexistence of landfills in Al-Zubair district, a sanitary landfill is needed to accommodate the produced solid waste and avoid any potential environmental problems. Hence, this study has been conducted to propose the best location for the sanitary landfill in Al-Zubair district and solve the waste problem scientifically, thus, a total of nine influencing criteria were adopted (water surface, agricultural lands, residential area, soil types, slope, roads, railways, power lines, and the oil fields) then processed using the Geographical Information System (GIS) to generate the map of suitability index and find the most candidate sites for the landfill based on the weights of criteria that derived from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. This study expected that the cumulative volume of solid waste through (2025-2050) would be about 18658259 m³, requiring a landfill’s area of at least 9.33 km² to accommodate this volume. The most suitable candidate site for landfill was identified in the middle of Al-Zubair district with an area of 124.63 km² in a way safe enough from the restricted zones of all criteria reducing the aesthetic destruction, physical pollution, travel time, construction cost and demonstrating the ability to accommodate the cumulative solid waste even after 2050 sustainably. The prior advantages of the proposed landfill’s location would benefit the solid waste management in the study area effectively and efficiently.

Keywords: Al-Zubair district, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Geographic Information System (GIS), Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), Sanitary Landfill.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (39-49)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/39-49

Research Article By:

Basheer S. Jasim

Corresponding author E-mail: basheer.jasim@atu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Rapid population growth is one of the serious and common issues in Iraq, and parts of this country have been facing an increase in the number and density of the population in recent decades, putting much pressure on Iraq’s natural resources and sometimes economic activities. The growth of residential constructions and industrial zones has caused direct or indirect destruction of ecosystems and their natural lands. Landsat satellite imagery, TM sensors for 2000, and the OLI-TIRS sensor 2024 were used to detect land cover change. A supervised classification technique by Random Forest (RF) method was used for image classification, and the land cover map was obtained in two different years (2000 and 2024), with overall accuracy of 88.33% and 90.83%, respectively. The analysis results have shown that during 24 years, there has been an increase in urban areas: Urbanization increased significantly from 45.24% to 67.98%, indicating significant population and economic growth. Whereas there was a decrease in green spaces, the percentage of vegetated land decreased from 32.56% to 9.09%, which indicates the diminishment of agricultural and green spaces due to urban expansion.

Regarding the relative stability of water bodies, the percentage of water bodies decreased slightly from 3.08% to 2.53%. Finally, there was a slight increase in arid lands; the percentage of barren land increased from 19.12% to 20.40%, which may reflect land degradation and increasing desertification. Comparing land use and land cover changes over a long period shows the impact of human activities and climate change on the environment, allowing for a deeper assessment of environmental degradation and identifying the most affected areas.

Keywords: Machine Learning, Land Use Land Cover, Classification, Random Forest Algorithm.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (29-38)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/29-38

Research Article By:

Muna Gaber Arean and Alaa S. Al-Husainy

Corresponding author E-mail: muna.g.arean@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

During the life time of the structural members such as beams, columns and slabs, they are expected to be exposed to impact loads from falling objects, hit by cars, and ships with different weights, shapes and impact velocities. The previous studies were intensively studied the behavior of the structural members under lateral impact loadings. Yet very little attempts to understand the influence of the impact angle on the structural behavior of the members. Since failure of structural members can lead to the collapse of the entire structure, this study aims to understand how these members, behave and what causes them to fail under non-axial or lateral impact loads. Beams subjected to an inclined impact load are affected by several factors such as the speed and the mass of the impactor, the height of the dropped weight, the total impact energy, and the stiffness of the entire structure at the moment of impact.  Previous studies shown that when the reinforced concrete slabs subjected to an oblique impact load the local damage occurs at a greater rate when the impactor hit the slab with angle of 20 degrees. However, the effects of the oblique impact load are still under research and more studies are required to understand that behavior.

Keywords: Oblique impact, impact load, impact angle, impact velocity, critical load angle.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (2), Year (30 December 2024), Pages (09-18)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-02/09-18

Research Article By:

Ashraf A. Salih, Thaer A. Abdulla and Ahmed S. Abdullah

Corresponding author E-mail: asraf.a.salih10479@st.tu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

This research examines the process of choosing between the reliable proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and the recommended model predictive control (MPC) controller for the vacuum distillation unit (VDU) by analyzing its dynamic behavior. Aspen HYSYS V12.1 and MATLAB Simulink Environment (2021 A) software programs were used in this study to compare the performance of the PID and MPC controllers to analyze the overhead temperature response. The temperature response in the middle of the tower (stage No. 15) is both a basic factor in improving product quality and quantity through a set point (SP) step change in the mass flow rate of the feed stream, feeding temperature, and flow rate of stripping steam. In addition, to study the effect of a disturbance step change on the feed pump efficiency, as well as making a change in the overhead temperature and the temperature of stage No. 15 to clarify the performance difference between the (PID) and (MPC), The study result showed that MPC is better than PID in reaching the desired value and overcoming the turbulence effect, The overhead and (stage No.15) temperatures response time to reach steady state, it is found that the MPC response time shorter than the PID with respect to the efficiency disturbance by (81% and 293%), step change in feed flow rate by (43% and 47.2%), feed temperature by  (440% and 158%), low pressure steam (LPS) (81% and 290%) and set point (86.6% and 218%), In the overshot and raising time, the MPC shows better temperature overshoot and raising time in all step change cases taken than the PID except the overhead temperature in feed temperature step change shows that PID is better in small temperature difference, and steady state error percentage for the MPC shows that it is zero or approximately zero in the inputs step change but for the PID the steady state error is not zero like in step change in feed flow rate and temperature which are 0.01 and 0.02 respectively.

This study shows how the efficiency of the distillation separation process can be increased through the prediction disturbance, overcoming it and high response time to reach the desired value, which increases the production quality, and quantity and reduces the energy associated with the production process (steam, fuel, electricity, etc.).

Keywords: Vacuum distillation unit, model predictive control, proportional integral derivative, LPS, vacuum diesel oil, heavy vacuum gas oil, light vacuum gas oil.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (96-107)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/96-107

Research Article By:

Aqeel Kareem Zayer Al-hashimi and Reyhane Tati

Corresponding author E-mail: aqeel.kareem313@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Intelligent traffic management systems, urban planning, and the reduction of traffic congestion all depend on traffic flow prediction. In this research, a method based on machine learning based on neural network combination and feature selection based on genetic algorithm is presented for predicting short-time traffic flow. The genetic algorithm-based approach seeks to find a model’s optimal parameters globally. Inner-city traffic constantly changes and can be unpredictable. This is because traffic patterns repeat over time (have periodic characteristics) but also swing wildly from moment to moment (high fluctuations). As a result, it’s very hard to guess what traffic will be like in the future. Thin operators have been used duo to it good performance for short-time traffic prediction in neural networks system. In Isfahan gathered traffic data to see how well a new model, called LSTM, predicts traffic flow. We compared LSTM’s performance against other established methods like wavelet neural networks (WNN) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). the proposed neural network prediction model and genetic algorithm results have %97 accuracy, %97 correlation coefficient, 14.67 less average absolute error, higher signal-to-noise ratio, 0.97 entropy value, and 3.95 standard deviation. Compared to other methods, it has shown its superiority, such as ordinary neural networks. This model excels at finding the best solution quickly and accurately, even with noisy or complex data.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI); machine learning (ML); Intelligent transportation system (ITS); Traffic prediction (TP); wavelet neural networks (WNN); multilayer perceptron (MLP).

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (86-95)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/86-95

Research Article By:

Zainab Hayder and Alaa S Al-Husainy

Corresponding author E-mail: zainab99hayder@gmail.com and Zainab.h.q@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) column has been widely used in multi-storey buildings, towers and bridges due to its exceptional structural capacity and high load bearing. As a result of the increase in human activity within the building space and the recent increase in the rate of fires, it is important to research the behavior of this important type of columns under the influence of the combined load of static and fire loads. In this research, an introduction to CFST columns and an overview of published studies on the fire performance of CFST columns is presented. In this research, the focus was on the mechanical properties of steel and concrete and its effect on the column under the influence of high temperatures. To learn about CFST columns and their characteristics, and to diagnose the scientific gap in the behavior of these columns and the characteristics that need to be studied more deeply. Through research, it was found that the yield strength of steel does not have that important effect on the column’s resistance to fire compared to the resistance of concrete. It was also found that increasing the percentage of thinness negatively affects fire resistance. The double-skin column is the least studied for its mechanical properties and behavior under high temperatures.

Keywords: Composite columns, fire loading, static and fire loading, numerical simulation, concrete-filled steel column, CFST, numerical simulation, Abaqus 2017.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (81-85)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/81-85

Research Article By:

Risalah A. Mohammed

Corresponding author E-mail: risalah.mohammed@stu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

An estimated 40% to 70% of the total water in desalination technologies is released as brine. In addition to high salinity concentrations, these liquid wastes contain different chemical components depending on the type and method of treatment. This brine causes a change in the marine environment due to its high ability to change the salinity, alkalinity and temperature of sea water, which affects the growth and size of aquatic life and disturbs marine diversity. There are several common methods for disposing of brine. These methods include sewer drainage, evaporation ponds, surface water drainage, deep well injection, and sprinkler irrigation.

Evaporation and discharge methods into seawater are among the least expensive methods and are appropriate if appropriate conditions are available, such as a hot climate and spacious lands. The most efficient but most expensive method is zero liquid discharge. Whatever the method used, the main factor, in addition to the cost, is to reduce the environmental impact so that the discharge of brine waste does not cause a change in the marine environment or groundwater.

Keywords: Brine, ZLD, Evaporation, Cost, Efficiency

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (72-80)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/72-80

Research Article By:

Zain A. Ali and Ali Al-Rifaie

Corresponding author E-mail: zain.a.ali@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

The service life of structural buildings may encounter dynamic loads such as impact and explosion loads, which can occur accidentally, such as vehicle collisions or explosions. As a result, studying the structural behaviour of members in dynamic scenarios is essential. In addition, the incorporation of web openings in these members is an important aspect of structural engineering. However, It leads to a complicated of factors that greatly influence the overall performance and behaviour of the structure. The purpose of this article is to review the studies on the primary factors affecting the dynamic behaviour of the cellular steel beams under impact loading. This will be accomplished by discussing experimental, numerical and analytical studies. Also, the utilized guidelines in designing buildings to resist impact loads were reviewed. The study found that incorporating a slab greatly enhances the load-bearing and shear strength of a composite beam when subjected to impact, surpassing that of a steel beam without a slab. The size and positioning of web holes greatly affect the behaviour of perforated steel beams, especially the stress distribution in these beams.

Keywords: Cellular beams, elongated web openings, impact load, composite beam, slab thickness.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (63-71)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/63-71

Research Article By:

Othman Hameed Zinkaah, Zainab Alridha, Musab Alhawat and Amir Khan

Corresponding author E-mail: Othman.h.zinkaah@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Rubberised concrete provides elasticity, energy absorption, lightweight, and excellent acoustic and thermal insulation.  Nevertheless, a notable drawback is its reduced compressive strength. To address this, incorporating silica fume emerges as a promising method to enhance compressive strength and overall performance. The current study aims at optimising the mechanical and thermal characteristics of rubberised concrete by incorporating silica fume as an additive. The investigation focuses on identifying the optimal ratio of crumb rubber and silica fume that yields favourable results across various properties, with a particular emphasis on compressive strength and thermal conductivity. Nine concrete mixes were developed, wherein 10% and 20% of the fine aggregate were substituted with two different percentages of crumb rubber. In addition, silica fume was used to substitute 10% and 15% of the cement. The experimental phase involved conducting tests for both compressive strength and thermal conductivity. The findings indicated a progressive decline in compressive strength as the crumb rubber content increased. This trend, however, was counterbalanced by the strengthening influence of silica fume. The density exhibited a decline with higher rubber content, but a marginal increase was observed upon the inclusion of silica fume. Moreover, water absorption tests indicated heightened absorption in the presence of rubber, countered using silica fume. Furthermore, as rubber content increased, thermal conductivity decreased, enhancing the insulating properties of rubberised concrete compared to plain concrete. Silica fume, while slightly diminishing thermal insulation in non-rubberized concrete, exhibited a negligible impact on the insulation qualities of rubberized concrete. Overall, the concrete mix comprising 20% rubber and 10% silica fume demonstrated the best performance in terms of both compressive strength and thermal conductivity. This research provides valuable insights into optimising the properties of rubberised concrete, offering a compelling pathway for sustainable construction practices with enhanced characteristics.

Keywords: Rubberised Concrete, Silica Fume, Compressive Strength, Thermal conductivity.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (53-62)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/53-62

Research Article By:

Rabee Jameel Al-Shammari

Corresponding author E-mail: rabee.jameel@uowasit.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

An event always refers to something that is often important, and in cities it refers to special spatial actions that play an important role in the future of the city and the formation of its physical entity. Cities without events live between contradictions based on the physical dimension and the search for identity within the repetitive activities of daily life. Given the importance of the relationship between individuals and the nature of the urban spaces, the event has the most important impact in understanding the nature of the differences coming from human intervention in urban spaces. The research problem comes from the focus of those interested in the material aspects more than the activities of individuals and institutions within city centers. To understand the relationship between the event and the effectiveness of architectural design, an important urban space in the Iraqi capital, Baghdad (Tahrir Square) in an important period characterized by increased social interaction was selected as part of the case study. If the event effectively affects the value of buildings and urban spaces.

Three main indicators and eight secondary indicators were extracted from the literature related to the research topic. These indicators were tested on a case study (a Turkish restaurant in Baghdad, the World Trade Towers) by a group of urban and architectural design experts to determine the feasibility of achieving the indicators. The research has arrived. It is the effectiveness of individuals within city centers that adds qualitative value to physical structures, and the culture of values takes on a collective character that represents the constants that society maintains within its moral, religious, and customary systems within cities. therefore, That Actions Qualify Spaces as Much as Spaces Qualify Actions.

Keywords: Architecture Actions, Collective Memories, Creative Production, Urban Event, Urban Spaces.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (43-52)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/43-52

Research Article By:

Mohammed Zuhair Azeez

Corresponding author E-mail: Mohammad.zuhair@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

This paper delves into the evolution and innovation in control strategies for grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters, underscoring their pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency, stability, and grid compatibility of solar energy systems. Beginning with an exploration of advanced modulation techniques and adaptive harmonic filtering, the discussion extends to sophisticated control algorithms, including fuzzy logic and deep learning-based approaches. The paper highlights the significance of addressing wideband harmonics, ensuring robust system performance against fluctuations, and the need for decentralized control strategies in 250-kW PV array connected to a 25-kV grid via a three-phase converter. Furthermore, it addresses the emerging cybersecurity challenges posed by the increasing sophistication of inverter systems. The integration of intelligent control methods, nonlinear dynamic models, and smart inverter functionalities is presented as a holistic approach to optimizing PV systems for a future where renewable energy seamlessly integrates into the existing energy infrastructure. The paper concludes by asserting the indispensable role of these advanced control strategies in paving the way for a sustainable, stable, and efficient energy future.

Keywords: Photovoltaic inverter; advanced control; power quality; model predictive control; virtual impedance; grid integration.

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Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology

Volume (12), Issue (1), Year (30 June 2024), Pages (22-30)

DOI:10.52113/3/eng/mjet/2024-12-01/22-30

Research Article By:

Mohammed Tariq and Isam Alyaseri

Corresponding author E-mail: mohammed.t.a@mu.edu.iq

ABSTRACT

Solid waste is becoming a worldwide issue that must be delt with to alleviate resource depletion and to face the pollution problem. One of the major components in solid wastes is plastic. The yearly waste generation of plastics has been rising significantly. With high health problem associated with plastic waste, many approaches were introduced for recycling. Using plastic waste in concrete mix is one approach for plastic recycling that is gaining more interest globally. In Iraq, where huge amounts of plastic waste are generating daily, the need for this approach is vital. Hollow concrete blocks are of the most public building bricks used around the country. This paper aims to examine how properties of compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and dry density would affect when hollow concrete blocks are used for recycling plastic waste processed as clasps of ring strips. After cutting and arranged, PET ring clasps were introduced to the mix in varying quantities (3, 4, 6, and 8) and added to hollow blocks of size 360 mm x 200 mm x 200 mm. After concrete blocks casting and curing for 28 days, they were tested for their physical properties. Most of the central physical properties of these hollow blocks were identified and showed in this study. The results showed that there was no slump before adding the clasp of ring strips, a noticeable decrease in the fresh density of the concrete as the content of PET plastic waste increases, and an increase in the compressive strength with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 6 and then decreased when increasing to 8. Results showed an increase in flexural strength for samples with clasps of ring strips. The water absorption increases with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 3, and after that, the water absorption starts to decrease with the increase in the number of PET clasps. The dry density decreases with the increase of the number of PET clasps to 3, and after that, starts to increase with the increase in the number of PET clasps. The results revealed that 6 ring clasps strips of PET (2.4 kg plastic/cubic meter of concrete) added was the optimum mix.

Keywords: Hollow concrete blocks in Iraq, recycling strips of PET plastic waste.

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